- May 4, 2021
- 3,375
2003 Constitutional of the Socialist Republic of Thailand
Published by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published
Published
Preamble
We, the People of Thailand, descendants of a land rich in history and culture, who have endured the epochs of feudal tyranny and the corrosive exploitation of capitalism, now stand united in revolutionary consciousness to chart a new course for humanity. Recognizing the relentless class struggle that has marked our history, and the inherent contradictions of capitalist production that have engendered inequality and oppression, we, the working people of Thailand, united in our collective strength and guided by the scientific principles of Marxism, hereby establish this Constitution as the foundational covenant of our Socialist Confederation of Communes.
Acknowledging the protracted and arduous struggle of the Thai proletariat against class domination, systemic injustice, and the insidious machinations of capital, we proclaim the definitive supersession of capitalist relations of production. Affirming our unwavering commitment to the principles of dialectical and historical materialism, we dedicate ourselves to the construction of a communist society, built upon the unshakeable foundation of collective ownership of the means of production, ensuring the equitable distribution of the social product, the abolition of poverty, and the attainment of substantive equality in all facets of life.
Sovereignty resides wholly within the Community Assemblies, the bedrock of our participatory democracy, ascending through the voluntary federations of Subdistrict, District, and Provincial structures, culminating in the National Coordination. All legitimate authority emanates unequivocally from the direct democratic will of the Thai people, organized within their Communes. This participatory framework empowers us to collectively determine our destiny, ensuring that the state apparatus serves as the instrument of the freely associated communes, and not an instrument of class oppression or bourgeois privilege. We resolutely embark upon the irreversible path towards communism – a global, stateless, classless, and moneyless society wherein human emancipation and universal flourishing are fully realized.
Guided by the unwavering tenets of proletarian internationalism, we recognize our struggle as intrinsically linked to the global proletarian revolution. We extend our fraternal solidarity to the working class and oppressed peoples of all nations, pledging our steadfast commitment to the cause of permanent revolution and the inevitable global triumph of communism. We envision the future World Federation of Socialist States, a fraternal commonwealth of peoples, united in cooperative labor, peace, and shared abundance, where the exploitation of humanity by humanity is forever eradicated, and where the Socialist Republic of Thailand stands as a vanguard of 21st-century socialism, leading humanity towards a radiant communist future for all.
Therefore, imbued with revolutionary fervor and unwavering conviction in the boundless potential of collective humanity, we, the People of Thailand, inscribe this Constitution not merely as a juridical document, but as a living testament to our unyielding dedication to human liberation. Let this be the charter for a new epoch, where comradely cooperation triumphs over capitalist competition, collective ownership supplants private accumulation, and the inherent dignity of every worker is esteemed above all else. Forward, comrades, along the revolutionary path to communism!
Chapter I: General Provision
Section 1: Thailand is a transitional Socialist Republic to be eventually withered away as part of the ultimate goal of the Thai State is the realization of communism: a society that is stateless, classless, and moneyless characterized by common ownership of the means of production with free access to the articles of consumption.
The Economy of Thailand shall operate under the socialist principle of collective ownership of the means of production where private ownership of the productive asset shall be strictly prohibited and deemed morally corrupted. All lands belong to the society as a whole.
Section 2: Thailand is fundamentally constituted as a free association of self-governing communes, defined by radical decentralization and the principle of voluntary federation. All sovereign authorities are inherently vested in the Thai people, uniquely and primarily expressed through their direct and autonomous participation within each of the 75,086 Community Assemblies. These Assemblies serve as the sole and ultimate source of legitimate authority, coordinating horizontally with each other and forming voluntary federations for purposes of mutual aid and cooperation. All administrative structures beyond the Community Assembly are to be understood as instruments of voluntary communal association, established and maintained at the behest of the Community Assemblies themselves, not as hierarchical levels of a unitary state. The concept of a “National level” is to be understood merely as a convening point for voluntary coordination and information sharing amongst federated communes, devoid of any inherent governing power. The figure previously designated as “Prime Minister” shall henceforth be understood as a Rotating Coordinator, selected by and directly accountable to a council of Community Assembly delegates, serving solely to facilitate inter-communal communication and coordination, with no executive or state power whatsoever. This constitutional architecture definitively and permanently rejects all vestiges of centralized models of governance, establishing a system where power is not merely distributed, but organically emanates from and remains entirely within the grassroots level, ensuring Thailand functions as a genuine confederation of self-governing communities, freely associated for mutual benefit and the eventual realization of a communist society.
Section 3: Ultimate and inviolable sovereign power is intrinsically and exclusively vested within the Thai people, autonomously organized and expressed through the 75,086 Community Assemblies. These Assemblies are recognized as the supreme arbiters of the nation’s destiny, directly enacting the will of the people at the foundational level, from which all coordinating structures derive legitimacy and authority. The Prime Minister, understood solely as a servant of the people, in the role of Rotating Coordinator, shall function merely as a delegated facilitator of inter-communal communication and coordination, directly and continuously accountable to the articulated will of the Community Assemblies. The National Assembly, the Council of Ministers, and the Judiciary are established as voluntary coordinating instruments within this deeply decentralized framework, operating as functionally distinct but explicitly subordinate bodies to the sovereignty originating from the Community Assemblies. These coordinating instruments shall act solely to facilitate the collective will expressed from the grassroots upwards, their functions strictly defined, limited, and perpetually accountable to the principles of this Constitution. This Constitution unequivocally enshrines socialist participatory democracy, radical equitable representation, and unassailable human rights, within a confederal framework where power is fundamentally and irreversibly decentralized, unified only in the collective sovereignty autonomously expressed by the Thai people through their Community Assemblies.
Section 4: The state shall unwaveringly recognize, uphold, and guarantee the inviolable dignity and the full spectrum of rights inherent to every individual, without exception or compromise. It shall commit to the proactive realization of transformative substantive equality, radical social justice, and unfettered freedom of movement through ambitious and progressive economic, social, and political frameworks. To this end, the state shall institute comprehensive measures to dismantle entrenched systemic inequalities, eradicate all forms of discrimination, and forge an equitable society rooted in collective empowerment. It shall ensure universal and inclusive access to high-quality education, holistic healthcare, dignified housing, sustainable livelihoods, and robust social security systems, thereby redistributing resources and opportunities to foster collective well-being and human flourishing.
Section 5: The Constitution is the supreme confederal agreement of the Communes of Thailand. The provisions of any law, rule, or regulation or any acts, which are contrary to or inconsistent with the Constitution, shall be unenforceable. In matters where this Constitution provides no explicit guidance, decisions shall be made in accordance with the principles of socialist participatory democracy and the foundational agreements upon which this confederation is established, respecting the autonomy of the Community Assemblies. Interpretations of this constitution shall prioritize the preservation of communal sovereignty and the principles of voluntary federation.
Chapter II: Rights and Liberties of the Thai People
Section 6: Regarding the rights and liberties of the Thai people and all individuals legally residing within the State, and in addition to those specifically enumerated within this Constitution, individuals shall possess the rights and liberties to engage in actions not explicitly prohibited or restricted by this Constitution or other duly established laws. Protection under this Constitution is afforded insofar as the exercise of such rights and liberties does not demonstrably compromise the security of the State, public order, or accepted moral standards, and does not infringe upon the rights or liberties of others. Any individual whose rights and liberties, as protected under this Constitution, are deemed violated may invoke the provisions of this Constitution to pursue legal recourse or defense within the Court system.
Section 7: The enactment of any law resulting in the restriction of rights or liberties of an individual must adhere to conditions established by this Constitution. Where this Constitution does not specify such conditions, any such law must not contravene the rule of law, must not impose unreasonable burdens or restrictions upon individual rights or liberties, must not infringe upon human dignity, and must explicitly articulate the justification and necessity for such restriction. Any law as described in the preceding paragraph must be of general application, and not intended for specific cases or individuals.
Section 8: All individuals are considered equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection and benefit under the law, without distinction or discrimination. Each individual, irrespective of identity or circumstance, is entitled to equivalent rights, freedoms, and legal protections, with full regard for inherent dignity and worth. This equality extends, without limitation, to all genders—men, women, and individuals of diverse gender identities or expressions—ensuring that no individual is denied rights based on gender.
Discrimination, whether direct or indirect, unjustly targeting individuals or groups based on origin, race, ethnicity, language, sex, age, disability, physical or mental health, marital or family status, economic or social background, religious or spiritual beliefs, educational attainment, political viewpoints, or any other characteristic not in contravention of this Constitution, is strictly prohibited. Such discrimination is recognized as a serious violation of human dignity and equality, subject to censure and appropriate legal remedies.
The State and all institutions, public and cooperative, hold responsibility to actively combat discrimination, promote inclusivity, and uphold the principles of equality, ensuring each individual can exercise rights freely, fully, and without prejudice. State measures designed to eliminate barriers or promote an individual’s ability to exercise rights or liberties on equal terms, or to protect or facilitate children, women, LGBTQIA+ individuals, the elderly, persons with disabilities, or underprivileged individuals, shall not be construed as unjust discrimination under the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
Members of the armed forces, police force, government officials, other State officials, and officers or employees of State organizations possess the same rights and liberties as other individuals, except as specifically restricted by law in relation to political activities, professional capacities, disciplinary requirements, or ethical obligations. However, this clause does not imply endorsement of any law inconsistent with principles of human dignity, equity, and freedom.
Section 9: Every individual is entitled to the inviolable rights to life, liberty, and personal dignity, protected against all infringements. No individual shall be subject to arrest, detention, or deprivation of liberty except as strictly compliant with a judicially mandated order or warrant, or under exceptional and precisely defined circumstances as legally prescribed, ensuring adherence to principles of justice and necessity. Searches, seizures, or actions that compromise personal liberty and life are strictly prohibited unless explicitly legally authorized and conducted through transparent, accountable processes.
Under no condition shall any individual be subjected to torture, coercion, or cruel treatment, whether physical, psychological, emotional, or otherwise. All forms of punishment or treatment that degrade human dignity or inflict inhumane suffering are categorically forbidden, with violators subject to accountability. This provision reflects the State's commitment to the inherent worth and equality of all individuals, ensuring the protection of fundamental rights against abuse and oppression.
Section 10: No individual shall be subject to criminal punishment unless an act has been committed that was legally defined as an offense and for which punishment was legally prescribed at the time of commission. Furthermore, any punishment imposed shall not exceed the severity legally prescribed at the time of the offense. A suspect or defendant in a criminal proceeding is presumed innocent, and prior to a final judicial conviction, such person shall not be treated as convicted through physical, emotional, or mental coercion.
Custody or detention of a suspect or defendant shall only be undertaken when necessary to prevent escape. In criminal proceedings, an individual shall not be compelled to provide self-incriminating statements. Applications for bail for suspects or defendants in criminal cases shall be considered, potentially based on past social service or contributions to international socialist advancement, and excessive bail shall not be imposed. Refusal of bail must be legally justified.
Section 11: Forced labor, in any form or pretext, is unequivocally prohibited within the State. No law, decree, or directive—whether invoked for public calamities, states of emergency, martial law, wartime exigencies, or armed conflicts—shall justify compelling involuntary servitude.
This prohibition is universal, protecting the dignity, autonomy, and fundamental rights of every individual, regardless of status, identity, or circumstance. All persons engaged in labor, irrespective of economic condition or social class, shall be treated with respect, fairness, and humanity, ensuring their inherent value is recognized.
Exploitation or coercion targeting vulnerable individuals is a violation of democratic principles and will be met with legal and moral accountability. Duties ensuring equitable contribution to societal welfare may be assigned only to individuals demonstrably possessing substantial material wealth equivalent to the bourgeoisie, through transparent and equitable processes, and without infringing upon consent or justice.
Section 12: Every individual shall possess the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, including the liberty to adopt, profess, or renounce any religion or belief system. This right includes the freedom to practice worship, rituals, and observances consistent with personal principles. However, such practices must not undermine civic responsibilities, threaten State integrity, security, or democratic structure, or infringe upon public order, social justice, or universal human dignity.
This provision rejects State endorsement of religious ideologies or practices that perpetuate oppression, inequality, or exploitation, especially those historically used to manipulate or suppress marginalized groups. The State is committed to fostering mutual respect and pluralism, where belief systems coexist without coercion, discrimination, or hierarchical imposition.
Section 13: Every individual is entitled to inviolable rights to privacy, dignity, reputation, and family integrity, safeguarded across all domains, traditional, digital, and emerging. These rights are fundamental, inherent, and inalienable, irrespective of technological or societal context. Any action infringing upon, undermining, or exploiting these rights or personal information—by any means—is prohibited. Exceptions are permissible only through narrowly tailored laws, justified by demonstrable public interest, enacted transparently and proportionately to minimize rights impairment, and subject to accountability.
Section 14: Every individual possesses the inviolable right to the security and sanctity of their dwelling, whether owned, shared, or publicly provided. Entry, inspection, or search of a dwelling or personal space without the informed consent of the lawful occupant is prohibited, except under strict conditions authorized by a judicially issued warrant or equivalent Court order. Such exceptions must be narrowly defined, rigorously scrutinized, and permissible only under legal grounds to uphold public safety, justice, or fundamental rights, ensuring dignity, privacy, and autonomy remain paramount.
Section 15: Every individual is endowed with the right to freely express opinions, deliver speeches, publish writings, disseminate information, and communicate through all mediums, including digital platforms. This right is fundamental for personal dignity, societal progress, and democratic discourse. Restrictions are permissible only through laws narrowly tailored to safeguard national security, protect others' rights and freedoms, preserve public order, foster mutual respect and ethical standards, or ensure health, safety, and dignity.
Academic freedom, essential for intellectual progress, is rigorously protected, guaranteeing scholars, educators, and students the right to explore, discuss, and disseminate knowledge without interference. Exercise of such freedom must respect pluralism, differing viewpoints, and refrain from hindering alternative perspectives. A vibrant intellectual environment thrives on diverse ideas.
Section 16: Media professionals possess the liberty to present news or express opinions according to professional ethics that recognize journalistic integrity, objectivity, and freedom of expression. Closure of media outlets, infringing upon this liberty, is not permitted. Censorship of media content by officials prior to publication is prohibited, except during declared states of war.
Individuals serving on media worker council boards must be Thai nationals. State subsidies for cooperative newspapers or media owned by workers are disallowed. State agencies distributing resources to mass media, for any purpose, must disclose details to the State Audit Commission and publicly announce them within prescribed timeframes. State officials performing media duties enjoy these liberties, considering the purposes and missions of their respective agencies.
Section 17: Every individual has the right to communicate freely by any means, ensuring privacy, security, and autonomy in exchanges. This right protects all forms of communication, digital, analog, and emerging, from interference, censorship, surveillance, or unauthorized access. No censorship, interception, detention, or disclosure of communications is permitted, except:
Section 18: Every individual possesses an inalienable right to personal property and inheritance, safeguarding non-productive assets essential for personal liberty and well-being. However, productive assets—resources, means of production, and capital generating economic output—shall be democratized for the common good. These are collectively owned, managed, and directed by workers or communities, ensuring equitable decision-making, shared prosperity, and sustainability.
Private ownership of productive assets is incompatible with social justice, economic equality, and participatory governance. Such assets are subject to lawful expropriation by the State, as an instrument of collective will, for just redistribution to workers and communities, transforming them into cooperatively managed resources.
Section 19: Every individual shall have the inherent and unequivocal right to travel freely, to explore and access all regions of the nation and beyond, and to establish residence in any location of their choosing, based on their personal needs, aspirations, and opportunities.
Restrictions on this essential freedom shall only be permissible under clear, narrowly defined provisions of law that are demonstrably necessary to:
Section 20: No person of Thai nationality shall be deported or prohibited from entering the Socialist Republic. The revocation of Thai nationality acquired by birth within the territory of the State shall not be permitted.
Section 21: A person shall enjoy the liberty to engage in an occupation. The restriction of such liberty under this provision shall not be imposed except by virtue of a provision of law enacted for the purpose of maintaining the security or economy of the country, protecting fair competition between worker cooperatives, preventing or eliminating barriers or monopoly, protecting consumers, regulating the engagement of occupation only to the extent of necessity, or for other public interest.
Enactment of the law to regulate the engagement of occupation under paragraph one shall not be in a manner of discrimination or interference with the provision of education by educational institutions.
Section 22: A person and a community shall have the right to:
Section 24: A person and a community shall have the right to:
Section 26: A person shall enjoy the liberty to unite and form a political party under the socialist participatory democratic regime of government, where the governance and economic policy-making processes are inherently decentralized and democratically planned. The Prime Minister shall act as a facilitator and coordinator for National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development, as provided by law.
Political parties shall be rooted in the principles of collectivism, egalitarianism, and direct participation, ensuring that the interests of worker cooperatives and community assemblies are prioritized in all policy-making processes.
Section 27: The rights of a consumer shall be protected. A personal shall have the right to unite and form a consumer organization such as the consumer council to protect and safeguard the rights of consumers.
The consumer organizations under paragraph one have the right to unite and form an independent organization to strengthen the protection and safeguarding of the rights of consumers with support from the State. In this regard, the rules and procedures for the formation thereof, the power to represent consumers and financial support from the State shall be as provided by law
Section 28: A person shall have the right to receive public health services, in which these services shall be the sole duty of the State to provide actively, equitably, and reliably free of charge at the point of services. A personal shall have the right to the protection and eradication of harmful contagious diseases by the State as provided by law.
Section 29: The rights of a mother during the period prior to and after giving birth shall be protected and assisted as provided by law. There should be an explicit recognition that the act of carrying a child and giving birth to a person is a noble cause that ensures the sustainability of the human population.
Section 30: No person shall exercise the rights or liberties to undermine or overthrow the socialist participatory democratic regime of government, which prioritizes decentralized, democratically planned economic activities and the interests of worker cooperatives and community assemblies. Actions or endeavors that contravene these principles, aiming to disrupt the egalitarian and collectivist foundations of the state, shall be prohibited and subject to legal action.
Chapter III: Duties of the Thai People
Section 31: A person shall have the following duties as a Thai citizen:
Section 32: Regarding any endeavor outlined within this Chapter as a communal responsibility within the confederation, should such action directly benefit the people, the people and the community shall possess the prerogative to monitor and encourage the relevant communal associations to undertake such action. Furthermore, recourse to legal proceedings against a pertinent communal association to secure the provision of such benefit to the people or community shall be available, adhering to established rules and procedures.
Section 33: The communes, in their voluntary confederation, shall collectively uphold the principles of democratic socialism, national independence, territorial integrity within mutually agreed upon boundaries, and the honor and collective interests of the Thai people and the Revolution, alongside the maintenance of public order. For these collective purposes, the communes may agree to coordinate efficient military, diplomatic, and intelligence services. Communes may further agree to deploy armed forces for cooperative endeavors in national development, safeguarding the Revolution, extending humanitarian aid, and promoting socialist principles internationally, as mutually determined.
Section 34: The communes, through their confederated agreements, shall ensure the consistent observation, equitable application, and impartial enforcement of mutually agreed upon legal norms, especially those outline in Chapter II. Measures employed shall be uniformly humane, nonviolent, and conducive to social harmony within and between communes. The legal framework, as voluntarily established, shall be rooted in restorative justice principles, emphasizing accountability, reconciliation, and social reintegration over punitive measures. Rehabilitation shall be prioritized as a fundamental aspect of justice administration, with capital punishment, corporal punishment, and practices degrading human dignity being uniformly proscribed across the confederation. Communal legal systems shall aim to be instruments for empowerment, restorative processes, and constructive societal advancement, ensuring justice serves as a catalyst for individual and collective growth rather than merely as a deterrent.
Section 35: The communes, in coordinated effort, shall ensure that every child within the confederation receives access to quality, socialist-oriented, and modern education for a duration of twelve years, spanning from pre-school through the completion of compulsory education, without direct charges levied upon individuals at the point of access. Communes shall further cooperate to provide for the care and developmental needs of young children prior to formal education, fostering physical, cognitive, disciplinary, emotional, social, and intellectual growth appropriate to their age, potentially in collaboration with local administrative organizations, with such services primarily provisioned through communal or cooperative endeavors.
The communes shall cooperatively undertake to provide educational opportunities for individuals across various systems as needed, including the promotion of lifelong learning, and to facilitate collaboration among communes, local administrative organizations, and the cooperative sector to offer education at all levels without direct charges. Communes acknowledge a collective duty to facilitate, oversee, promote, and support the provision of education to ensure quality and adherence to mutually recognized international standards, as detailed within confederally agreed upon national education frameworks, encompassing at minimum provisions for a national education plan, its implementation, and oversight mechanisms to ensure adherence.
All educational endeavors shall aim to develop learners into ethical, disciplined, compassionate individuals, imbued with pride in the Revolution, proficient in their aptitudes, and responsible towards their families, communities, society, and the confederation. In undertaking the provision of early childhood care and development or broader educational opportunities, communes shall cooperatively endeavor to provide individuals with insufficient means access to necessary resources for educational expenses, recognizing inherent rights to equal educational opportunities and outcomes within the confederated system.
Section 36: The communes, in collective action, shall ensure that individuals receive efficient, accessible, reliable, quality, and universally available public health services without direct charges at the point of service. Communes shall also cooperate to ensure public access to necessary knowledge concerning health promotion and disease prevention, and shall promote and support the advancement of Thai traditional medicine expertise for maximal communal benefit.
The public health services, as cooperatively structured, shall encompass health promotion, disease control and prevention, medical treatment, and rehabilitation. Communes shall engage in continuous, collaborative efforts to improve the standards, accessibility, reliability, efficiency, and quality of these public health services across the confederation.
Section 37: The communes shall cooperatively undertake or ensure the provision of universal and comprehensive utility services essential for comfortable, peaceful, fulfilling living for the people, and for the collective security of the confederation. Communes shall not undertake any action that would result in the ownership of these essential utility services reverting to private sector control. The ownership structure of public utilities shall adhere to socialist principles of collective ownership and worker self-management, as determined through inter-communal agreements.
Section 38: The communes, through mutual cooperation, shall:
Section 40: In all endeavors initiated or permitted through communal coordination, where such activities are anticipated to significantly impact natural resources, environmental integrity, public health, sanitation, quality of life, or other critical interests of the people, communities, or ecosystems, communes shall prioritize environmental protection and social equity above other considerations. This includes a rigorous, transparent, and participatory evaluation process of potential consequences. Communes shall cooperatively conduct thorough environmental, social, and health impact assessments grounded in ecological justice and intergenerational equity principles. These assessments shall consider both immediate and long-term cumulative effects on ecosystems and vulnerable populations.
Communes shall ensure active participation of all stakeholders, including marginalized groups, indigenous communities, environmental advocates, and the general public, by facilitating inclusive and accessible public forums. The perspectives, knowledge, and consent of local communities, particularly those directly affected, shall be central to decision-making processes. All pertinent information, including technical reports, assessments, and justifications, shall be freely and proactively accessible in clear, understandable formats well in advance of any final decision.
In granting permissions or undertaking such actions, communes shall adopt a precautionary approach to prevent harm to people, communities, biodiversity, and the broader environment. Communes shall implement measures to minimize any unavoidable harm and establish comprehensive restorative justice frameworks to address grievances or damages. These frameworks shall prioritize fair, transparent, and timely redress, ecosystem restoration, and community empowerment in ways that mitigate inequality and enhance ecological resilience.
Above all, communes affirm a commitment to eco-socialism, ensuring no action benefiting specific interests or economic advancement compromises environmental sustainability, human dignity, or the collective well-being of present and future generations.
Individuals and communities shall possess the right to receive information, explanations, and rationales from relevant communal associations prior to implementation or permission grants for such endeavors. In implementation or permission granting, communes shall exercise precaution to minimize impacts on people, communities, environment, and biodiversity, and shall undertake to redress grievances or damages for affected people or communities in a fair and transparent manner without undue delay.
Section 41: The communes shall cooperatively disclose public data or information held by communal associations that is not related to collective security or confidentiality agreements as per mutually established procedures. Communes shall ensure convenient public access to such data and information through both conventional and digital channels.
Section 42: The communes shall collectively maintain radio frequencies and rights to access satellite orbits, recognized as shared resources, to be utilized for the collective benefit of the people and confederation. Arrangements for frequency utilization, whether for radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, telecommunications, or other purposes, shall prioritize the greatest benefit to the people, collective security, public interest, and participatory utilization, as per mutually established procedures.
Communes shall establish a confederated association, operating independently, to oversee and regulate undertakings related to frequency utilization. This association shall ensure measures are in place to prevent unfair consumer exploitation or undue burdens, to prevent frequency interference, to prevent actions obstructing the liberty of people to know or preventing access to accurate information, and to prevent any person or group from utilizing frequencies without considering the rights of the general public. This includes prescribing a minimum proportion of frequency utilization to be undertaken for public benefit, as per mutually established procedures.
Section 43: The communes shall cooperatively provide effective mechanisms and measures to protect and safeguard consumer rights across various aspects. These include, but are not limited to, access to accurate information, safety standards, equitable contractual agreements, and other elements that benefit consumers within the confederation.
Section 44: The communes shall jointly maintain fiscal and financial discipline to ensure the sustainable stability and security of the confederation’s collective financial status, in accordance with mutually established financial and fiscal protocols. Communes shall establish post-capitalist transaction systems to ensure fairness across the confederation. Mutually agreed upon financial and fiscal protocols shall, at minimum, encompass provisions relating to the framework for public finance and budgeting across the confederation, the formulation of fiscal discipline concerning both budgetary and extra-budgetary revenue, the rights of all citizens to participatory engagement in budgeting processes, and expenditures, management of collectively held resources and treasury reserves, and public debt management across the confederation.
Section 45: The communes shall cooperatively promote, support, and disseminate knowledge to the people regarding the dangers stemming from dishonest acts and wrongful conduct within both communal and cooperative sectors. Communes shall provide effective mechanisms and measures to rigorously prevent and eliminate such dishonest acts and wrongful conduct, including mechanisms to promote collective public participation in campaigns to disseminate knowledge, counter corruption, or provide leads under communal protection, as per mutually established procedures.
Chapter V: Directive Principles of State Policies
Section 46: The provisions articulated within this Chapter serve as directive principles for legislative considerations and policy determinations across the voluntary confederation of communes, guiding the administration of communal affairs in a coordinated manner.
Section 47: The communes, in their voluntary confederation, should collaboratively formulate a national strategy intended as a shared objective for the sustainable development of the confederation, operating under the principle of effective governance. This national strategy is to serve as a guiding framework for the development of consistent and integrated plans, harmonizing efforts to achieve this shared objective.
The formulation process, encompassing the determination of objectives, specification of timelines for goal attainment, and delineation of content to be included within the national strategy, shall adhere to rules and procedures established through mutual agreement among the communes. Such regulations shall also incorporate provisions for public participation and consultation across all sectors, utilizing participatory democratic institutions established at the communal level. The national strategy, once finalized, shall be formally enacted upon its publication in the official Government Gazette, serving as a reference for coordinated communal policy and action.
Section 48: The communes, in their coordinated actions, should promote amicable relations with other countries, adhering to the principle of equality in international interactions and non-interference in the internal affairs of other sovereign nations. Collaborative engagement with international organizations should be pursued by the communes, in a manner that protects the collective national interests and the welfare of Thai people in foreign countries.
In matters pertaining to engagement with foreign states that adhere to liberal, free-market democratic systems of governance and economy, it is incumbent upon the communes to collectively furnish clear and substantive evidence of the prospective benefits arising from such interactions. The communes shall ensure that such evidence is disseminated to the public through both conventional and digital channels of communication, facilitating informed communal consideration. Subsequently, the communes shall provide for participatory determination by the people, exercised through their Community Assemblies, to ascertain whether such engagement aligns with the objectives of the Revolution and the paramount interests of the Thai nation.
In relations with states oriented toward socialist principles, the communes shall undertake all necessary measures to establish and preserve enduring and amicable relations. The communes should further endeavor to facilitate the formation and sustenance of an international socialist bloc, conceived as a foundational step toward the realization of a World Federation of Socialist States. Recognizing their confederation as embodying the achievements of 21st-century socialism, the communes shall actively advance progressive, democratic, and egalitarian principles in their interactions with all nations, whether socialist or otherwise, thereby affirming their role as a principal moral authority within the global community of nations.
Section 49: The communes, in their voluntary association, should uphold and actively pursue the objectives of the Revolution, explicitly defined as the establishment of an egalitarian, post-capitalist, and communist society within the Socialist Republic. In furtherance of these objectives, the communes acknowledge that the transition to a communist society within Thailand is intrinsically linked to global conditions and cannot be fully realized in isolation amidst the continued prevalence of capitalist modes of production and exploitation on a planetary scale. Accordingly, as a necessary measure in the progression toward full communism, the communes shall collectively advance the cause of permanent revolution on a global scale, adhering to the principle of proletarian internationalism as a guiding tenet of their confederated action and international solidarity.
Section 50: The communes, in their coordinated governance, should organize a management system for the participatory and restorative justice process across all aspects of communal life to ensure efficiency, fairness, and non-discrimination. They shall collectively ensure that individuals within their jurisdictions have accessible recourse to the justice process in a convenient and expeditious manner, without undue delay and without incurring excessive expenses.
The communes should cooperatively provide protective measures for officials engaged in the justice process, enabling them to perform their duties strictly without external interference or manipulation. The communes shall jointly provide comprehensive and universal legal aid to all individuals within the confederation, particularly indigent or underprivileged persons, to ensure equitable access to the justice process, including the provision of legal counsel as necessary and determined through mutually agreed upon procedures.
Section 51: The communes, through their confederated structures, should cooperatively provide for and promote research and development across various branches of science, technology, and disciplines of arts. This collaborative endeavor is intended to foster the creation of knowledge, drive development, and stimulate innovation, thereby strengthening the collective society and enhancing the competence of people throughout the confederation. The outcomes of such research and development are to be directed towards the collective benefit and advancement of the socialist society as a whole.
Section 52: The communes, in their collective governance, should actively foster and ensure the protection, recognition, and empowerment of all ethnic groups within their jurisdictions. They shall affirm the inalienable right of these groups to preserve, practice, and develop their traditional cultures, languages, customs, and ways of life. This right shall be exercised freely, voluntarily, and in harmony with a society committed to peace, mutual respect, and inclusivity. The communes shall collectively guarantee such practices without discrimination or undue interference, provided they remain consistent with principles of public order, ethical integrity, and do not pose risks to the security of the confederation, public health, or sanitation standards as mutually determined. Moreover, the communes should proactively create opportunities and allocate resources to support the flourishing of diverse cultural identities, ensuring their vibrant integration within the broader societal fabric of the confederation.
Section 53: The communes, acknowledging the historical emergence of the nuclear family as a social construct historically linked to the consolidation of private property and the intergenerational transfer of wealth, recognize such structures, particularly patriarchal family models, as instruments potentially reinforcing prescribed gender roles and sustaining capitalist frameworks. Recognizing the historical establishment of monogamous family forms as mechanisms of social control and regulation of women’s reproductive labor within systems of lineage-based inheritance, the communes shall collectively consider and adopt measures to transcend these historical conventions.
In pursuit of a post-capitalist, communal society, wherein economic production and resources are held collectively for the common good, the communes should endeavor to render obsolete familial structures predicated upon private ownership and inheritance. To this end, they may promote the collective care and nurturing of children and the emancipation of individuals from traditional domestic labor roles, fostering new forms of familial and societal organization that are more harmonious with principles of social equality, gender equity, and communal well-being, as determined through participatory processes at the communal level.
Section 54: The communes, in their coordinated governance, shall undertake actions relating to land utilization, water resources management, and energy provision as follows:
It is hereby affirmed as a directive principle that the communes shall cooperatively assist agricultural producers who are demonstrably indigent in acquiring access to land for their sustenance, through comprehensive land reform initiatives or alternative means of land access, including but not limited to facilitating their integration into collectively managed agricultural endeavors and cooperative farming arrangements.
Section 56: The communes, in their collective social governance, shall ensure that every individual within their jurisdiction has the fundamental right to engage in labor in accordance with their inherent capacities, stage of personal development, individual capabilities, and acquired professional skills. The communes shall collectively guarantee access to meaningful employment opportunities that fulfill the human dignity and potential of all citizens across the confederation. The communes shall vigilantly protect the labor force from exploitative economic practices, specifically those originating from capitalist economic logics, ensuring the sanctity of workers' rights through comprehensive and mutually agreed upon safeguards. They shall collectively establish rigorous standards for workplace safety, occupational health protections, and systems of equitable compensation that reflect an individual’s contribution to the collective societal welfare, as determined through participatory economic planning and valuation mechanisms.
Workers shall be entitled to comprehensive social security provisions, social welfare benefits, and support systems that ensure a dignified standard of living beyond their years of active labor force participation. The communes shall jointly institute and maintain robust retirement plans and supportive subsidies that enable citizens to live with material comfort and social security after concluding their formal professional contributions. A collaborative system of labor relations shall be established across the confederation, wherein all relevant parties may participate equitably in the determination of workplace conditions, labor rights, and mutual responsibilities, thus fostering a harmonious and just economic environment throughout the confederation.
Section 57: The economic system of the confederation shall be organized under the socialist principle of equitable contribution, rooted in the Labor Theory of Value, ensuring that the people collectively benefit from labor in a comprehensive, fair, and ecologically sustainable manner. The communes shall cooperatively pursue economic self-reliance within the confederation, in accordance with socialist economic principles, with the fundamental objectives of systematically eliminating economic monopolies and capitalist exploitation, and proactively advancing economic equity, broad-based democratic participation in economic decision-making, and national economic competitiveness within the global context.
The communes shall actively promote, support, protect, and stabilize systems of cooperative enterprises, democratically managed labor organizations, and small to medium scale communal enterprises established by the people and communities. In the pursuit of national development and economic advancement, the communes shall maintain a deliberate and principled balance between material progress and intellectual and cultural advancement, with paramount consideration given to the holistic well-being of the people across the confederation.
Section 58: The communes, in their collective governance framework, shall recognize and respect the inherent psychological diversity of individuals within their jurisdictions, explicitly acknowledging that democratic participation and civic engagement may manifest in diverse forms across various personality types, including those individuals who are characteristically introverted and may prefer less direct and more reflective modes of participation and contribution. The communes shall collaboratively design participatory mechanisms that are flexible, broadly accessible, and intentionally accommodate varied modes of democratic expression, ensuring that the right to participate is substantive and meaningful for all citizens, rather than merely procedural or uniformly structured.
Participatory processes across the confederation shall be structurally designed to provide multiple channels for citizen input and engagement—including provisions for written submissions, utilization of digital participatory platforms, mechanisms for representative delegation, and opportunities for asynchronous consultation and feedback—thereby effectively empowering individuals to contribute to democratic governance according to their personal preferences, capabilities, and levels of comfort with different modes of engagement. The fundamental objective of these diverse participatory mechanisms shall be the achievement of genuinely meaningful democratic inclusion for all citizens, rather than the imposition of mandatory uniformity in modes of civic and political engagement.
Chapter VI: Provincial Administration
Section 59: In accordance with Section 2 of this Constitution, which defines Thailand as a confederation of self-governing communes, provincial administration is established through the voluntary association of Community Assemblies within geographically contiguous areas. The organizational structure and operational procedures for each provincial administration are determined by mutual agreements formulated and subsequently ratified by the Community Assemblies participating in each federation.
The National Assembly may, upon request from the Community Assemblies, provide model frameworks and facilitate discussions intended to aid in the establishment of provincial administrations; however, the National Assembly does not mandate the structure or operational procedures of provincial government. Considerations for the formation of provincial administrations include the expressed will of the Community Assemblies within the prospective province, the demonstrated capacity for self-governance among these assemblies, population density, and geographical scope.
Section 60: Consistent with the principles of socialist participatory democracy, the Provincial Governor functions as a coordinator and facilitator at the provincial level, deriving mandate from the voluntary association of Community Assemblies. This office, analogous to the Rotating Coordinator at the national level, operates to ensure the participatory involvement and representation of the populace in governance while upholding the principles of communal self-determination and collective decision-making within the provincial federation.
Section 61: Each provincial administration, as a voluntary association of Community Assemblies, coordinates the delivery of shared public services and activities as mutually agreed upon by its constituent Community Assemblies. This coordination aligns with the principles of sustainable development and universal basic services as defined within the provincial federation. The specific provision and standards of such services are determined by inter-communal agreements within each provincial administration, reflecting the collective will of the participating Community Assemblies.
The National Assembly may facilitate information sharing and the dissemination of best practices among provincial administrations regarding service delivery; however, the National Assembly does not mandate service provision or specific standards upon provincial administrations or Community Assemblies. These responsibilities are coordinated at the provincial level, recognizing the provincial administrative organization as a voluntary association within the Thai confederation. The coordination at the ‘national level’ ensures facilitation and information sharing across provincial jurisdictions.
Section 62: The provincial administration retains the right to operate independently of mandates or directives originating from the ‘national level’ coordination, provided such operational independence reflects the expressed will of the population within its jurisdiction. To operationalize this autonomy, while maintaining a balance of provincial accountability and self-governance within the confederation, a Provincial Assembly is established as a representative body of the province's population. This Provincial Assembly is constituted through periodic, voluntary elections conducted concurrently with the election of the Provincial Governor. These elections employ a proportional representation system designed to ensure equitable representation of the province’s diverse populace within the assembly.
Section 63: The Provincial Governor is directly accountable to the local population and the Provincial Assembly of the voluntary provincial federation. The Governor does not hold membership in the Provincial Assembly. Democratically elected members of the Provincial Assembly function as dedicated coordinators and facilitators, ensuring province-wide cohesion in the voluntary provision of universal basic services, in a manner analogous to the function of members of the National Assembly at the confederal level. Their specific duties and modes of interaction with local administrative bodies at the district and subdistrict levels are detailed in Chapter VII on Local Administration.
Each Provincial Assembly possesses the authority to establish its own rules of procedure, mirroring the operational framework of the National Assembly. From amongst its members, the Assembly internally selects a Provincial Head Coordinator and Facilitator to oversee specific duties analogous to those of ‘national level’ facilitators. Collectively, these facilitators serve as liaisons between the ‘national level’ coordination and provincial administrations, ensuring effective communication and facilitation of voluntarily coordinated duties and responsibilities amongst the communes.
Section 64: While acknowledging the confederal nature of the Thai State and the supremacy of this Constitution as a confederal agreement, Provincial Assemblies possess devolved legislative authority to enact ordinances on matters of primarily provincial concern, as defined within mutually agreed upon frameworks of confederal legislation and constitutional principles. These devolved legislative powers may include, but are not limited to, the following areas:
Section 65: The provincial administrative organization exercises full independence in managing and delivering public services, conditional upon the universal basic services within its jurisdiction adhering to mutually agreed upon confederal standards. It is vested with the authority and responsibility to design a provincial governance system that safeguards against conflicts of interest and prevents undue interference with the duties of local officials within the province. While the ‘national level’ coordination facilitates the establishment of overarching standards and uniform Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), each provincial administration is empowered to interpret and adapt these indicators to better address the specific needs of its jurisdiction, provided such interpretation aligns with provincial public perception and consensus.
Section 66: To clarify and expand upon the provincial administration's “right to operate independently of mandates or directives from the ‘national level’ coordination,” as articulated in Section 62, this autonomy is grounded in the procedural rules established by each Provincial Assembly. At a minimum, these rules ensure mechanisms for participatory governance, granting citizens the right to observe and participate in sessions of the assembly. Additionally, these rules provide for methods to ascertain province-wide opinion, such as through referenda. These participatory mechanisms also serve as a means for raising concerns regarding directives originating from the ‘national level’ coordination, as referenced in Section 63, within the framework of inter-communal and inter-provincial dialogue.
Chapter VII: Local Administration
Section 67: In accordance with constitutional Sections 1 and 59, local administrative structures within subdistricts and districts are established through the self-determined organization of Community Assemblies. These structures are constituted to reflect the principles of direct democracy and self-governance as articulated by the local populace. The framework, structure, and operational procedures governing subdistrict and district level coordination are defined by agreements formulated and ratified by the Community Assemblies within each respective subdistrict and district. Provincial administrations may, upon formal request from Community Assemblies, offer consultative frameworks and facilitate discussions to assist in the establishment of these local administrative structures. The autonomy of Community Assemblies and their federations in structuring local administration remains constitutionally upheld.
Section 68: Local administrative structures may incorporate District Administrative Organizations (DAOs) and Subdistrict Administrative Organizations (SAOs) as determined by the associated Community Assemblies within each district and subdistrict. These organizations, if established, serve to facilitate inter-communal coordination and the provision of services as agreed upon by the constituent Community Assemblies. The organizational structure and procedural guidelines for DAOs and SAOs are determined by agreements formulated and ratified by the participating Community Assemblies. Provincial administrations may, upon formal request from Community Assemblies, provide consultative guidance and support for the establishment and operation of DAOs and SAOs, respecting the principles of communal autonomy and self-determination.
Section 69: The governance structure of Local Administrative Organizations (LAOs), where such organizations are established, is fundamentally rooted in participatory, bottom-up socialist principles. The Community Assembly at the Muban level serves as the primary organ for direct democracy. Each Muban, in instances where a local administrative structure is deemed necessary by its populace, may establish a Community Assembly as the cornerstone of its self-governance. Within such assemblies, a deliberative body may be constituted through a regular, transparent rotational sortition process from amongst the residents, ensuring equitable and random representation reflective of the Muban's populace for the purposes of organized discussion.
While a body of representatives may facilitate structured deliberation, all individuals legally residing within the Muban’s jurisdiction retain the right to actively and directly participate in the functions of the Community Assembly. These participatory rights include, but are not limited to, the capacity to vote on proposed policies, engage in open discussions and debates, propose initiatives for community betterment, and directly express assent or dissent regarding any policy or decision under consideration. The Community Assembly, where established, functions as the primary forum for local policy formulation and implementation concerning matters within the Muban, operating within the agreed upon frameworks of confederal and provincial guidelines.
The functions of the Community Assembly, when constituted, may encompass:
Section 70: The geographical scope of District Administrative Organization areas, when DAOs are established, is determined through agreements amongst the Community Assemblies within the proposed district area, reflecting local geographical and communal relationships. The National Assembly may, upon request from the Community Assemblies, offer cartographic and logistical support to facilitate this boundary determination process. Modifications to DAO boundaries necessitate the consent of the Community Assemblies involved, achieved through their own self-determined procedures. In areas designated as capital districts for provincial federations, coordination between the DAO, if established, and the provincial administration is established through voluntary agreements between the relevant parties, respecting the distinct operational parameters of both DAOs and provincial administrations.
Section 71: The DAO, if established, functions as a localized mechanism for coordination within the district, facilitating the provision of public services and activities for the benefit of the populace as agreed upon by the constituent Community Assemblies. To support this coordination function, derived from the voluntary association of Community Assemblies within the district, the DAO may receive resources amounting to a proportion of the revenues associated with economic activities within the respective province. The distribution of resources is determined through confederal level mechanisms, with a proportion of national resources designated for distribution to provincial and local administrations.
Individuals engaged in DAO coordination functions, in this context, may participate in professional development mechanisms. Such mechanisms may facilitate opportunities for transition into coordination roles within the provincial administration, whose personnel operate within the broader confederal administrative framework.
Section 72: The SAO, if established, functions as a coordination mechanism within each subdistrict, its operational framework reflecting the voluntary association of Community Assemblies within the subdistrict. The SAO serves as a point of communication between the local populace of each subdistrict and broader coordination structures. Its function is to facilitate the integration of public services, activities, and policies across the subdistrict, ensuring communication between the Community Assemblies and the DAO, where established. The SAO, if established, operates with operational parameters determined by the constituent Community Assemblies, with resource provision potentially facilitated through the DAO, as per confederal guidelines.
Section 73: Each subdistrict, should the Community Assemblies determine it appropriate, may conduct periodic processes to select an individual to serve as a Subdistrict Coordinator. The Subdistrict Coordinator, if this position is established, facilitates the coordination of subdistrict matters and communication amongst Community Assemblies within the subdistrict, pursuant to locally determined procedures and in accordance with district level coordination frameworks.
The Subdistrict Coordinator, if selected, facilitates the operational aspects of the municipality and remains accountable to the populace of the subdistrict.
The Subdistrict Coordinator, if the position is established, may be supported by individuals in designated roles, as determined by subdistrict level processes. The functions and responsibilities of the Subdistrict Coordinator, if this position is established, are further defined through confederal guidelines and local agreements, and may include defined term parameters and mechanisms for accountability.
Chapter VIII: The Courts
Part 1: General Provisions
Section 74: The function of adjudicating cases is established through communal agreements among participating communes. Judicial functions shall be exercised in accordance with the confederal agreement and mutually established legal norms, with due regard for agreed-upon principles. Individuals performing judicial functions shall operate impartially and independently within their designated communal or inter-communal jurisdiction. Judicial processes are to be conducted expeditiously, equitably, transparently, and without prejudice to ensure the integrity of dispute resolution mechanisms as agreed upon by participating communes.
Section 75: Communal entities, through voluntary agreements, may establish communal or inter-communal courts to adjudicate disputes as determined by the participating communes. A hierarchical judicial structure shall not be imposed upon the Community Assemblies. Mechanisms for dispute resolution between or among communes are to be determined by agreements between the involved Community Assemblies or their Federations, respecting communal autonomy and self-determination in matters of justice administration.
Section 76: The selection and removal of individuals performing judicial functions shall be determined by the populace within the jurisdiction of the respective courts, in accordance with principles of public participation, communal governance norms, and egalitarian tenets. In the event of a vacancy in judicial function due to circumstances such as incapacitation, voluntary relinquishment, term expiration, or removal for cause as per agreed-upon legal standards, the matter shall be addressed through a communal process for deliberation and resolution. This process is to reflect the will of the relevant populace and uphold principles of transparency, communal accountability, and equitable representation within the judicial selection process.
Section 77: In instances of jurisdictional ambiguity or conflict between distinct communal or inter-communal courts, or between a court and an alternative dispute resolution mechanism established by Community Assemblies, resolution shall be pursued through voluntary arbitration or mediation. Such processes are to be mutually agreed upon by the Community Assemblies or their Federations involved. The National Assembly may, upon formal request from the involved parties, offer a roster of impartial facilitators to assist in arbitration or mediation, without imposing binding jurisdictional determinations, thereby respecting communal autonomy in dispute resolution.
Section 78: Each court established through communal or inter-communal agreement shall operate with a functionally independent administrative unit. This unit is responsible for personnel administration, resource allocation, and logistical operations, and is led by a designated administrative officer. This officer is directly accountable to the presiding officer of the respective court, in accordance with mutually established operational protocols. Resource allocation and remuneration systems for judicial and administrative personnel within the Courts of Justice and the Administrative Courts are to be distinct and appropriately structured, as defined by mutually agreed upon legal norms. People’s Courts are to be established and maintained at the Muban level, functioning under the purview of the respective Community Assembly, as per mutually determined communal guidelines.
Part 2: Courts of Justice
Section 79: Courts of Justice are established through voluntary communal agreements to adjudicate legal disputes, except for those disputes explicitly assigned to specific courts via constitutional or other legal provisions agreed upon by participating communes. The jurisdiction, procedures, and operations of the Courts of Justice are determined by the provisions of this Constitution and applicable legal frameworks established through inter-communal consensus.
Section 80: The Supreme Court, established through voluntary communal agreement, serves as a confederal level court for civil and criminal cases that participating communes have agreed fall under its purview. It functions independently of the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court. Decisions rendered by the Supreme Court are considered final within the scope of its agreed upon jurisdiction and are not subject to further appeal within the confederal judicial framework.
The composition of the Supreme Court is determined by panels of five, seven, or nine judges, as deemed appropriate for the case, all of whom must hold a rank no lower than Justice of the Supreme Court or possess equivalent judicial seniority as defined by inter-communal agreement.
The position of Justice of the Supreme Court is filled through a democratic election process agreed upon by participating communes, ensuring fairness and transparency. All personnel of the Courts of Justice, irrespective of role or position, possess equal voting rights in this election, without discrimination.
Eligibility for election as Justice of the Supreme Court extends to all legally employed judges meeting qualifications established through inter-communal agreement, irrespective of personal characteristics.
Section 81: The Provincial Administrative Organization, as a voluntary association of Community Assemblies, undertakes the facilitation of conditions necessary for the independent operation of a Provincial Court of Justice within its jurisdictional area, contingent upon communal agreements within the province.
The Provincial Court of Justice holds the authority to hear and adjudicate cases arising within the jurisdiction of the Provincial Administrative Organization, as defined by inter-communal agreements, unless such jurisdiction is superseded by a District Court of Justice as per agreed frameworks. The Provincial Court of Justice retains discretion to accept or decline appeals from decisions of the District Court of Justice, as procedurally outlined in mutually agreed upon legal frameworks.
A statute, established through inter-communal consensus, provides the procedural framework for appealing decisions from the Provincial Court of Justice. Appeals may be submitted to the Supreme Court, which retains the prerogative, as per inter-communal agreement, to accept or decline to hear such appeals.
Section 82: The District Administrative Organization, as a voluntary association of Community Assemblies, undertakes the facilitation of conditions necessary for the independent operation of a District Court of Justice within its jurisdictional area, contingent upon communal agreements within the district.
The District Court of Justice is authorized to hear and adjudicate cases originating within the District Administrative Organization’s jurisdiction, as defined by communal agreements, unless the involved parties mutually agree to resolution via the People’s Court. The District Court of Justice also holds the discretion to accept or decline appeals from decisions of the People’s Court, as procedurally defined by inter-communal legal frameworks.
Section 83: Personnel administration for judges within the Courts of Justice operates independently, managed by the Judicial Commission of the Courts of Justice. This commission is composed of the President of the Supreme Court as Chairperson, qualified judicial officers from each court level, and a maximum of two qualified individuals from outside the judicial officer ranks, elected by judicial officers, all as defined by inter-communal legal agreements.
Part 3: Courts of Administration
Section 84: Courts of Administration are established through voluntary communal agreements to adjudicate legal disputes pertaining to administrative actions, decisions, or omissions by government agencies, officials, and other administrative entities, except in instances where jurisdiction is explicitly assigned by the Constitution or other duly established legal provisions to specific courts. The establishment, jurisdiction, procedures, and operations of the Courts of Administration are governed by the provisions stipulated in the Constitution and mutually agreed upon legal frameworks.
Section 85: The Supreme Administrative Court, established through voluntary communal agreement, serves as a confederal level court for administrative disputes that participating communes have agreed fall under its purview. It operates independently from the Courts of Justice and the Constitutional Court. Decisions rendered by the Supreme Administrative Court are considered final within the scope of its agreed upon jurisdiction and are not subject to further appeal within the confederal administrative judicial framework.
The composition of the Supreme Administrative Court is determined by panels of five, seven, or nine judges, as deemed appropriate for the case, all of whom must hold a rank no lower than Justice of the Supreme Administrative Court or possess equivalent judicial seniority as defined by inter-communal agreement.
The position of Justice of the Supreme Administrative Court is filled through a democratic election process agreed upon by participating communes, ensuring fairness and transparency. All personnel of the Courts of Administration, irrespective of role or position, possess equal voting rights in this election, without discrimination.
Eligibility for election as Justice of the Supreme Administrative Court extends to all legally employed judges meeting qualifications established through inter-communal agreement, irrespective of personal characteristics.
Section 86: The Provincial Administrative Organization, as a voluntary association of Community Assemblies, undertakes the facilitation of conditions necessary for the independent operation of a Provincial Administrative Court within its jurisdictional area, contingent upon communal agreements within the province.
The Provincial Administrative Court holds the authority to hear and adjudicate administrative cases arising within the jurisdiction of the Provincial Administrative Organization, as defined by inter-communal agreements, unless such jurisdiction is overlapped by a District Administrative Court as per agreed frameworks. The Provincial Administrative Court retains discretion to accept or decline appeals from decisions of the District Administrative Court, as procedurally outlined in mutually agreed upon legal frameworks.
A statute, established through inter-communal consensus, provides the procedural framework for appealing decisions from the Provincial Administrative Court. Appeals may be submitted to the Supreme Administrative Court, which retains the prerogative, as per inter-communal agreement, to accept or decline to hear such appeals.
Section 88: The District Administrative Organization, as a voluntary association of Community Assemblies, undertakes the facilitation of conditions necessary for the independent operation of a District Administrative Court within its jurisdictional area, contingent upon communal agreements within the district.
The District Administrative Court is authorized to hear and adjudicate administrative cases originating within the District Administrative Organization’s jurisdiction, as defined by communal agreements, unless the involved parties mutually agree to resolution via alternative administrative dispute resolution mechanisms as prescribed by law. The District Administrative Court also holds the discretion to accept or decline appeals from decisions of lower administrative adjudicative bodies or administrative tribunals, as procedurally defined by inter-communal legal frameworks.
Section 89: Personnel administration relating to judges of the Courts of Administration is undertaken independently by the Judicial Commission of the Courts of Administration. This Commission consists of the President of the Supreme Administrative Court as Chairperson, and qualified members who are judicial officers of each level of the Court, along with not more than two qualified persons who are not or have never been judicial officers, elected by judicial officers, as provided by inter-communal legal agreements.
Part 4: People’s Court
Section 90: The People’s Court is established as a communal mechanism for dispute resolution, operating independently within the framework of Community Assemblies. Its function is characterized as temporary and specific to individual cases, activated upon the consensual presentation of a dispute by all involved parties to the relevant Community Assembly. Judges for a convened People’s Court are selected through a process of random assignment from the local populace under the Community Assembly’s jurisdiction. This communal court is designed to provide an accessible and informal venue for resolving disagreements, with proceedings conducted by community members who assess cases and formulate verdicts based on contextual factors, communal norms, and proposed resolutions by the involved parties.
Section 91: Decisions rendered by a People’s Court are considered binding within the communal context of the involved Community Assembly, contingent upon the voluntary agreement of the disputing parties to adhere to its jurisdiction. Recourse to the formal judicial system is available through an appeal, which must be initiated by one or more of the involved parties. Should an appeal to the formal judicial system be pursued, subsequent adjudication is processed as a new and distinct case within the established judicial framework, independent of the People’s Court proceedings and verdict. The initial decision of the People’s Court remains binding unless and until superseded by a formal judicial ruling or if the original decision is determined to be inconsistent with mutually agreed upon legal norms.
Section 92: The procedural format of the People’s Court, whether public or private, is determined by the mutual accord of all disputing parties. The option for private proceedings is upheld as a fundamental aspect of this communal dispute resolution mechanism, particularly for matters of a personal or minor nature. Public hearings may be conducted only upon explicit agreement, either verbal or documented, by all parties involved. In instances where verbal agreement for a public hearing is established, a record of this agreement is to be created through digital means or an alternative recording method deemed suitable to the specific circumstances, ensuring documented consent for public proceedings.
Chapter IX: Constitutional Court
Section 93: Given the confederal nature of Thailand, and the primacy of Community Assemblies in interpreting this constitution within their own jurisdictions, a Constitution Court may be convened, upon the joint request of a substantial number of Community Assemblies or Provincial Administrations, to offer non-binding advisory opinions on matters of constitutional interpretation that have broad confederal implications. If convened, the panel shall be composed of representatives selected by Community Assemblies and provincial administrations, ensuring a diverse and balanced representation of communal perspectives. The procedural rules for convening and operating the Constitutional Court, and the weight given to its advisory opinions, shall be determined through inter-communal agreements ratified by a significant majority of Community Assemblies across the confederation.
Chapter X: Elections and Electoral Systems
Part 1: General Principles of Elections
Section 94: Elections within the Socialist Republic of Thailand are conducted to facilitate democratic and participatory governance as established in this Constitution. The electoral system is structured to reflect the collective will of the Thai people and to enable their direct participation in the selection of coordinating representatives and decision-making processes at all levels of voluntary association. Elections are to be conducted in a manner that is free, fair, transparent, and accessible to all eligible citizens.
Section 95: The fundamental principles guiding electoral processes within the Socialist Republic of Thailand are as follows:
Section 96: An Election Commission (EC) may be voluntarily established through agreements among provincial administrations and Community Assemblies. If established, the EC provides logistical support and facilitates coordination for confederal-level referendums or any voluntary joint electoral processes as agreed upon by participating communes. The composition, delegated powers, duties, and operational procedures of the EC, should it be established, are determined by inter-communal agreements ratified by the participating Community Assemblies and provincial administrations, ensuring its impartiality and responsiveness to communal will. Community Assemblies and provincial administrations retain autonomous authority over the management of their respective local and provincial elections, should they choose to conduct them.
Section 97: Provincial, District, and Subdistrict Election Committees may be established at each respective administrative level to manage and administer elections within their defined jurisdictions, with facilitation and support from the EC, where voluntarily established, and in accordance with inter-communal agreements. The composition and operational procedures of these committees are defined by inter-communal agreements, ensuring local participation and accountability within the voluntary framework.
Section 98: Community Assemblies are responsible for organizing and administering processes for selecting their own representative bodies and for facilitating local participatory processes, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter VII and relevant inter-communal agreements.
Part 3: Electoral Systems for Different Levels of Governance
Section 99: National Assembly Elections: Members of the National Assembly are selected through a system of Proportional Representation (PR) to facilitate fair representation of diverse political perspectives within the socialist participatory democratic framework for national-level coordination. The specific parameters of the PR system, constituency delineations, and allocation of coordinating roles are defined by inter-communal agreements, aiming for proportionality and inclusivity in national coordination.
Section 100: Provincial Assembly Elections: Members of the Provincial Assembly are selected through a system of Proportional Representation within each province, ensuring representation of the diverse populations and interests within the province for provincial-level coordination. The specific details of the PR system and constituency arrangements are determined by provincial inter-communal agreements, consistent with confederal principles and guidelines.
Section 101: District and Subdistrict Council Elections: Members of District and Subdistrict Councils are selected through electoral systems designed to ensure local representation and accountability within district and subdistrict coordination. These systems may incorporate a combination of proportional representation and constituency-based representation, as determined by inter-communal agreements within the province, reflecting local conditions and preferences for district and subdistrict coordination.
Section 102: Community Assembly Representative Selection: Representatives for the Community Assembly are selected through a rotational sortition process, as detailed in Section 69, ensuring equitable and representative participation of the Muban’s populace in the assembly’s deliberative functions at the community level.
Part 4: Electoral Parties and Electoral Participation
Section 103: Political parties are permitted within the Socialist Republic of Thailand, operating under the principles of collectivism, egalitarianism, and direct participation, as stipulated in Section 26. Inter-communal agreements governing political parties ensure their adherence to these socialist principles and promote internal democracy, transparency, and accountability.
Section 104: Campaigning for elections is conducted in a manner that upholds the principles of socialist solidarity, mutual respect, and ethical conduct. Inter-communal agreements regulating election campaigns aim to ensure equitable engagement, prevent the undue influence of material wealth, and promote informed and reasoned electoral choices. Confederal resources, if allocated, may support equitable campaign opportunities for political parties and individuals, as defined by inter-communal agreements.
Section 105: The voluntary associations of communes facilitate and promote citizen participation in electoral processes at all levels of coordination. This includes voter education programs, accessible registration procedures, and measures to ensure that all eligible citizens are enabled to exercise their right to participate in voluntary representative selection.
Part 5: Electoral Disputes and Redress
Section 106: A transparent and accessible system for resolving electoral disputes is established through inter-communal agreements. This system provides mechanisms for contesting election outcomes, addressing electoral irregularities, and ensuring impartial adjudication of electoral grievances.
Section 107: Electoral disputes related to national elections and referendums are adjudicated by the Election Commission, where voluntarily established, with avenues for advisory review by the Constitutional Court as the final arbiter on constitutional matters pertaining to elections, upon voluntary request.
Section 108: Electoral disputes related to provincial, district, and subdistrict elections are resolved through mechanisms established by provincial inter-communal agreements, with potential avenues for voluntary appeal to the Provincial Courts of Justice or Administrative Courts, as contextually appropriate, and ultimately to the Supreme Court or Supreme Administrative Court for final judicial review, in accordance with Chapter VIII and inter-communal agreements.
Section 109: Disputes arising from Community Assembly processes for representative selection and participatory processes are resolved through mechanisms established by the Community Assembly itself, with potential voluntary recourse to District and Provincial administrative bodies for mediation or review in exceptional circumstances, as defined by inter-communal agreements.
Chapter XI: The National Assembly
Part 1: General Principles and Structure
Section 110: The National Assembly is established as a voluntary coordinating assembly within the Socialist Republic of Thailand, reflecting the free association of self-governing Community Assemblies and provincial administrations. In alignment with the principles of socialist participatory democracy, the National Assembly serves as a primary mechanism for confederal-level coordination and facilitation. Its purpose is to enhance voluntary cooperation amongst communes and provinces, ensuring that ultimate authority remains vested in the people through decentralized governance structures, as defined in Section 2 of Chapter I. The National Assembly shall be bicameral, comprising the Hall of the Sun, representing Community Assembly delegates, and the Hall of the Moon, representing provincial administration delegates. Each Hall possesses distinct yet complementary functions focused on confederal coordination.
Section 110: The National Assembly shall be structured into two Halls, constituted as follows:
Part 2: Powers and Functions
Section 113: The National Assembly, as a voluntary coordinating body representing the aggregated will of the Community Assemblies and provincial administrations, shall exercise specific delegated coordinating functions within the confederal framework of Thailand. The functions of the National Assembly are limited to:
Part 3: Internal Organization and Procedures
Section 117: The National Assembly shall be facilitated and administered by the following officers:
Section 120: Diverse perspectives within the National Assembly are formally recognized and constitutionally acknowledged as a vital and integral component of the democratic process within the coordinative assembly of the Socialist Republic of Thailand. Diverse perspectives shall function as an internal mechanism for dialectical engagement, ensuring robust scrutiny of proposed confederal agreements and providing alternative approaches within the coordinative process. The mechanisms for facilitation, engagement, and inclusion of diverse perspectives are constitutionally guaranteed to ensure their effectiveness in upholding democratic participation and informed coordination.
Section 121: The functions, mechanisms, and empowerment of diverse perspectives within the National Assembly shall be as follows:
Acknowledging the protracted and arduous struggle of the Thai proletariat against class domination, systemic injustice, and the insidious machinations of capital, we proclaim the definitive supersession of capitalist relations of production. Affirming our unwavering commitment to the principles of dialectical and historical materialism, we dedicate ourselves to the construction of a communist society, built upon the unshakeable foundation of collective ownership of the means of production, ensuring the equitable distribution of the social product, the abolition of poverty, and the attainment of substantive equality in all facets of life.
Sovereignty resides wholly within the Community Assemblies, the bedrock of our participatory democracy, ascending through the voluntary federations of Subdistrict, District, and Provincial structures, culminating in the National Coordination. All legitimate authority emanates unequivocally from the direct democratic will of the Thai people, organized within their Communes. This participatory framework empowers us to collectively determine our destiny, ensuring that the state apparatus serves as the instrument of the freely associated communes, and not an instrument of class oppression or bourgeois privilege. We resolutely embark upon the irreversible path towards communism – a global, stateless, classless, and moneyless society wherein human emancipation and universal flourishing are fully realized.
Guided by the unwavering tenets of proletarian internationalism, we recognize our struggle as intrinsically linked to the global proletarian revolution. We extend our fraternal solidarity to the working class and oppressed peoples of all nations, pledging our steadfast commitment to the cause of permanent revolution and the inevitable global triumph of communism. We envision the future World Federation of Socialist States, a fraternal commonwealth of peoples, united in cooperative labor, peace, and shared abundance, where the exploitation of humanity by humanity is forever eradicated, and where the Socialist Republic of Thailand stands as a vanguard of 21st-century socialism, leading humanity towards a radiant communist future for all.
Therefore, imbued with revolutionary fervor and unwavering conviction in the boundless potential of collective humanity, we, the People of Thailand, inscribe this Constitution not merely as a juridical document, but as a living testament to our unyielding dedication to human liberation. Let this be the charter for a new epoch, where comradely cooperation triumphs over capitalist competition, collective ownership supplants private accumulation, and the inherent dignity of every worker is esteemed above all else. Forward, comrades, along the revolutionary path to communism!
Chapter I: General Provision
Section 1: Thailand is a transitional Socialist Republic to be eventually withered away as part of the ultimate goal of the Thai State is the realization of communism: a society that is stateless, classless, and moneyless characterized by common ownership of the means of production with free access to the articles of consumption.
The Economy of Thailand shall operate under the socialist principle of collective ownership of the means of production where private ownership of the productive asset shall be strictly prohibited and deemed morally corrupted. All lands belong to the society as a whole.
Section 2: Thailand is fundamentally constituted as a free association of self-governing communes, defined by radical decentralization and the principle of voluntary federation. All sovereign authorities are inherently vested in the Thai people, uniquely and primarily expressed through their direct and autonomous participation within each of the 75,086 Community Assemblies. These Assemblies serve as the sole and ultimate source of legitimate authority, coordinating horizontally with each other and forming voluntary federations for purposes of mutual aid and cooperation. All administrative structures beyond the Community Assembly are to be understood as instruments of voluntary communal association, established and maintained at the behest of the Community Assemblies themselves, not as hierarchical levels of a unitary state. The concept of a “National level” is to be understood merely as a convening point for voluntary coordination and information sharing amongst federated communes, devoid of any inherent governing power. The figure previously designated as “Prime Minister” shall henceforth be understood as a Rotating Coordinator, selected by and directly accountable to a council of Community Assembly delegates, serving solely to facilitate inter-communal communication and coordination, with no executive or state power whatsoever. This constitutional architecture definitively and permanently rejects all vestiges of centralized models of governance, establishing a system where power is not merely distributed, but organically emanates from and remains entirely within the grassroots level, ensuring Thailand functions as a genuine confederation of self-governing communities, freely associated for mutual benefit and the eventual realization of a communist society.
Section 3: Ultimate and inviolable sovereign power is intrinsically and exclusively vested within the Thai people, autonomously organized and expressed through the 75,086 Community Assemblies. These Assemblies are recognized as the supreme arbiters of the nation’s destiny, directly enacting the will of the people at the foundational level, from which all coordinating structures derive legitimacy and authority. The Prime Minister, understood solely as a servant of the people, in the role of Rotating Coordinator, shall function merely as a delegated facilitator of inter-communal communication and coordination, directly and continuously accountable to the articulated will of the Community Assemblies. The National Assembly, the Council of Ministers, and the Judiciary are established as voluntary coordinating instruments within this deeply decentralized framework, operating as functionally distinct but explicitly subordinate bodies to the sovereignty originating from the Community Assemblies. These coordinating instruments shall act solely to facilitate the collective will expressed from the grassroots upwards, their functions strictly defined, limited, and perpetually accountable to the principles of this Constitution. This Constitution unequivocally enshrines socialist participatory democracy, radical equitable representation, and unassailable human rights, within a confederal framework where power is fundamentally and irreversibly decentralized, unified only in the collective sovereignty autonomously expressed by the Thai people through their Community Assemblies.
Section 4: The state shall unwaveringly recognize, uphold, and guarantee the inviolable dignity and the full spectrum of rights inherent to every individual, without exception or compromise. It shall commit to the proactive realization of transformative substantive equality, radical social justice, and unfettered freedom of movement through ambitious and progressive economic, social, and political frameworks. To this end, the state shall institute comprehensive measures to dismantle entrenched systemic inequalities, eradicate all forms of discrimination, and forge an equitable society rooted in collective empowerment. It shall ensure universal and inclusive access to high-quality education, holistic healthcare, dignified housing, sustainable livelihoods, and robust social security systems, thereby redistributing resources and opportunities to foster collective well-being and human flourishing.
Section 5: The Constitution is the supreme confederal agreement of the Communes of Thailand. The provisions of any law, rule, or regulation or any acts, which are contrary to or inconsistent with the Constitution, shall be unenforceable. In matters where this Constitution provides no explicit guidance, decisions shall be made in accordance with the principles of socialist participatory democracy and the foundational agreements upon which this confederation is established, respecting the autonomy of the Community Assemblies. Interpretations of this constitution shall prioritize the preservation of communal sovereignty and the principles of voluntary federation.
Chapter II: Rights and Liberties of the Thai People
Section 6: Regarding the rights and liberties of the Thai people and all individuals legally residing within the State, and in addition to those specifically enumerated within this Constitution, individuals shall possess the rights and liberties to engage in actions not explicitly prohibited or restricted by this Constitution or other duly established laws. Protection under this Constitution is afforded insofar as the exercise of such rights and liberties does not demonstrably compromise the security of the State, public order, or accepted moral standards, and does not infringe upon the rights or liberties of others. Any individual whose rights and liberties, as protected under this Constitution, are deemed violated may invoke the provisions of this Constitution to pursue legal recourse or defense within the Court system.
Section 7: The enactment of any law resulting in the restriction of rights or liberties of an individual must adhere to conditions established by this Constitution. Where this Constitution does not specify such conditions, any such law must not contravene the rule of law, must not impose unreasonable burdens or restrictions upon individual rights or liberties, must not infringe upon human dignity, and must explicitly articulate the justification and necessity for such restriction. Any law as described in the preceding paragraph must be of general application, and not intended for specific cases or individuals.
Section 8: All individuals are considered equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection and benefit under the law, without distinction or discrimination. Each individual, irrespective of identity or circumstance, is entitled to equivalent rights, freedoms, and legal protections, with full regard for inherent dignity and worth. This equality extends, without limitation, to all genders—men, women, and individuals of diverse gender identities or expressions—ensuring that no individual is denied rights based on gender.
Discrimination, whether direct or indirect, unjustly targeting individuals or groups based on origin, race, ethnicity, language, sex, age, disability, physical or mental health, marital or family status, economic or social background, religious or spiritual beliefs, educational attainment, political viewpoints, or any other characteristic not in contravention of this Constitution, is strictly prohibited. Such discrimination is recognized as a serious violation of human dignity and equality, subject to censure and appropriate legal remedies.
The State and all institutions, public and cooperative, hold responsibility to actively combat discrimination, promote inclusivity, and uphold the principles of equality, ensuring each individual can exercise rights freely, fully, and without prejudice. State measures designed to eliminate barriers or promote an individual’s ability to exercise rights or liberties on equal terms, or to protect or facilitate children, women, LGBTQIA+ individuals, the elderly, persons with disabilities, or underprivileged individuals, shall not be construed as unjust discrimination under the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
Members of the armed forces, police force, government officials, other State officials, and officers or employees of State organizations possess the same rights and liberties as other individuals, except as specifically restricted by law in relation to political activities, professional capacities, disciplinary requirements, or ethical obligations. However, this clause does not imply endorsement of any law inconsistent with principles of human dignity, equity, and freedom.
Section 9: Every individual is entitled to the inviolable rights to life, liberty, and personal dignity, protected against all infringements. No individual shall be subject to arrest, detention, or deprivation of liberty except as strictly compliant with a judicially mandated order or warrant, or under exceptional and precisely defined circumstances as legally prescribed, ensuring adherence to principles of justice and necessity. Searches, seizures, or actions that compromise personal liberty and life are strictly prohibited unless explicitly legally authorized and conducted through transparent, accountable processes.
Under no condition shall any individual be subjected to torture, coercion, or cruel treatment, whether physical, psychological, emotional, or otherwise. All forms of punishment or treatment that degrade human dignity or inflict inhumane suffering are categorically forbidden, with violators subject to accountability. This provision reflects the State's commitment to the inherent worth and equality of all individuals, ensuring the protection of fundamental rights against abuse and oppression.
Section 10: No individual shall be subject to criminal punishment unless an act has been committed that was legally defined as an offense and for which punishment was legally prescribed at the time of commission. Furthermore, any punishment imposed shall not exceed the severity legally prescribed at the time of the offense. A suspect or defendant in a criminal proceeding is presumed innocent, and prior to a final judicial conviction, such person shall not be treated as convicted through physical, emotional, or mental coercion.
Custody or detention of a suspect or defendant shall only be undertaken when necessary to prevent escape. In criminal proceedings, an individual shall not be compelled to provide self-incriminating statements. Applications for bail for suspects or defendants in criminal cases shall be considered, potentially based on past social service or contributions to international socialist advancement, and excessive bail shall not be imposed. Refusal of bail must be legally justified.
Section 11: Forced labor, in any form or pretext, is unequivocally prohibited within the State. No law, decree, or directive—whether invoked for public calamities, states of emergency, martial law, wartime exigencies, or armed conflicts—shall justify compelling involuntary servitude.
This prohibition is universal, protecting the dignity, autonomy, and fundamental rights of every individual, regardless of status, identity, or circumstance. All persons engaged in labor, irrespective of economic condition or social class, shall be treated with respect, fairness, and humanity, ensuring their inherent value is recognized.
Exploitation or coercion targeting vulnerable individuals is a violation of democratic principles and will be met with legal and moral accountability. Duties ensuring equitable contribution to societal welfare may be assigned only to individuals demonstrably possessing substantial material wealth equivalent to the bourgeoisie, through transparent and equitable processes, and without infringing upon consent or justice.
Section 12: Every individual shall possess the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, including the liberty to adopt, profess, or renounce any religion or belief system. This right includes the freedom to practice worship, rituals, and observances consistent with personal principles. However, such practices must not undermine civic responsibilities, threaten State integrity, security, or democratic structure, or infringe upon public order, social justice, or universal human dignity.
This provision rejects State endorsement of religious ideologies or practices that perpetuate oppression, inequality, or exploitation, especially those historically used to manipulate or suppress marginalized groups. The State is committed to fostering mutual respect and pluralism, where belief systems coexist without coercion, discrimination, or hierarchical imposition.
Section 13: Every individual is entitled to inviolable rights to privacy, dignity, reputation, and family integrity, safeguarded across all domains, traditional, digital, and emerging. These rights are fundamental, inherent, and inalienable, irrespective of technological or societal context. Any action infringing upon, undermining, or exploiting these rights or personal information—by any means—is prohibited. Exceptions are permissible only through narrowly tailored laws, justified by demonstrable public interest, enacted transparently and proportionately to minimize rights impairment, and subject to accountability.
Section 14: Every individual possesses the inviolable right to the security and sanctity of their dwelling, whether owned, shared, or publicly provided. Entry, inspection, or search of a dwelling or personal space without the informed consent of the lawful occupant is prohibited, except under strict conditions authorized by a judicially issued warrant or equivalent Court order. Such exceptions must be narrowly defined, rigorously scrutinized, and permissible only under legal grounds to uphold public safety, justice, or fundamental rights, ensuring dignity, privacy, and autonomy remain paramount.
Section 15: Every individual is endowed with the right to freely express opinions, deliver speeches, publish writings, disseminate information, and communicate through all mediums, including digital platforms. This right is fundamental for personal dignity, societal progress, and democratic discourse. Restrictions are permissible only through laws narrowly tailored to safeguard national security, protect others' rights and freedoms, preserve public order, foster mutual respect and ethical standards, or ensure health, safety, and dignity.
Academic freedom, essential for intellectual progress, is rigorously protected, guaranteeing scholars, educators, and students the right to explore, discuss, and disseminate knowledge without interference. Exercise of such freedom must respect pluralism, differing viewpoints, and refrain from hindering alternative perspectives. A vibrant intellectual environment thrives on diverse ideas.
Section 16: Media professionals possess the liberty to present news or express opinions according to professional ethics that recognize journalistic integrity, objectivity, and freedom of expression. Closure of media outlets, infringing upon this liberty, is not permitted. Censorship of media content by officials prior to publication is prohibited, except during declared states of war.
Individuals serving on media worker council boards must be Thai nationals. State subsidies for cooperative newspapers or media owned by workers are disallowed. State agencies distributing resources to mass media, for any purpose, must disclose details to the State Audit Commission and publicly announce them within prescribed timeframes. State officials performing media duties enjoy these liberties, considering the purposes and missions of their respective agencies.
Section 17: Every individual has the right to communicate freely by any means, ensuring privacy, security, and autonomy in exchanges. This right protects all forms of communication, digital, analog, and emerging, from interference, censorship, surveillance, or unauthorized access. No censorship, interception, detention, or disclosure of communications is permitted, except:
- Pursuant to an order or warrant issued by a competent, impartial Court following a transparent and rigorous legal process;
- In accordance with narrowly defined, publicly accessible laws, established for the sole purposes of protecting human rights, public safety, or democratic institutions, and only when such laws meet strict tests of necessity and proportionality.
Section 18: Every individual possesses an inalienable right to personal property and inheritance, safeguarding non-productive assets essential for personal liberty and well-being. However, productive assets—resources, means of production, and capital generating economic output—shall be democratized for the common good. These are collectively owned, managed, and directed by workers or communities, ensuring equitable decision-making, shared prosperity, and sustainability.
Private ownership of productive assets is incompatible with social justice, economic equality, and participatory governance. Such assets are subject to lawful expropriation by the State, as an instrument of collective will, for just redistribution to workers and communities, transforming them into cooperatively managed resources.
Section 19: Every individual shall have the inherent and unequivocal right to travel freely, to explore and access all regions of the nation and beyond, and to establish residence in any location of their choosing, based on their personal needs, aspirations, and opportunities.
Restrictions on this essential freedom shall only be permissible under clear, narrowly defined provisions of law that are demonstrably necessary to:
- Safeguard the security of the State against tangible threats,
- Preserve public order and ensure the equitable welfare of the community,
- Advance town and country planning to benefit present and future generations,
- Protect and uphold the dignity and integrity of familial relationships, or
- Secure the best interests and well-being of minors.
Section 20: No person of Thai nationality shall be deported or prohibited from entering the Socialist Republic. The revocation of Thai nationality acquired by birth within the territory of the State shall not be permitted.
Section 21: A person shall enjoy the liberty to engage in an occupation. The restriction of such liberty under this provision shall not be imposed except by virtue of a provision of law enacted for the purpose of maintaining the security or economy of the country, protecting fair competition between worker cooperatives, preventing or eliminating barriers or monopoly, protecting consumers, regulating the engagement of occupation only to the extent of necessity, or for other public interest.
Enactment of the law to regulate the engagement of occupation under paragraph one shall not be in a manner of discrimination or interference with the provision of education by educational institutions.
Section 22: A person and a community shall have the right to:
- Be informed and have access to public data or information in the possession of a State agency as provided by law;
- Present a petition to a State agency and be informed of the result of its consideration in due time.
- Take legal action against a State agency as a result of an act of omission of a government official, official or employee of the State agency.
Section 24: A person and a community shall have the right to:
- Conserve, revive, or promote wisdom, arts, culture, tradition and good customs at both local and national levels;
- Manage, maintain, and utilize natural resource, environment, and biodiversity, all of which shall be recognized as public goods and utilities, in a balanced and sustainable manner, in accordance with the procedures as provided by law.
- Sign a joint petition to propose recommendations to a State agency to carry out any act which will be beneficial to the people or to the community, or refrain from any act which will affect the peaceful living of the people or community, and be notified expeditiously of the result of the consideration thereof, provided that the State agency, in considering such recommendations, shall also permit the people relevant thereto to participate in the consideration process in accordance with the procedures as provided by law;
- Establish a community welfare system. The rights of a person and a community under this provision shall also include the right to collaborate with a local administrative organization or the State to carry out such act.
Section 26: A person shall enjoy the liberty to unite and form a political party under the socialist participatory democratic regime of government, where the governance and economic policy-making processes are inherently decentralized and democratically planned. The Prime Minister shall act as a facilitator and coordinator for National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development, as provided by law.
Political parties shall be rooted in the principles of collectivism, egalitarianism, and direct participation, ensuring that the interests of worker cooperatives and community assemblies are prioritized in all policy-making processes.
Section 27: The rights of a consumer shall be protected. A personal shall have the right to unite and form a consumer organization such as the consumer council to protect and safeguard the rights of consumers.
The consumer organizations under paragraph one have the right to unite and form an independent organization to strengthen the protection and safeguarding of the rights of consumers with support from the State. In this regard, the rules and procedures for the formation thereof, the power to represent consumers and financial support from the State shall be as provided by law
Section 28: A person shall have the right to receive public health services, in which these services shall be the sole duty of the State to provide actively, equitably, and reliably free of charge at the point of services. A personal shall have the right to the protection and eradication of harmful contagious diseases by the State as provided by law.
Section 29: The rights of a mother during the period prior to and after giving birth shall be protected and assisted as provided by law. There should be an explicit recognition that the act of carrying a child and giving birth to a person is a noble cause that ensures the sustainability of the human population.
Section 30: No person shall exercise the rights or liberties to undermine or overthrow the socialist participatory democratic regime of government, which prioritizes decentralized, democratically planned economic activities and the interests of worker cooperatives and community assemblies. Actions or endeavors that contravene these principles, aiming to disrupt the egalitarian and collectivist foundations of the state, shall be prohibited and subject to legal action.
Chapter III: Duties of the Thai People
Section 31: A person shall have the following duties as a Thai citizen:
- To protect and uphold the Revolution, Nation, and the socialist participatory democratic regime of government with the Prime Minister as the nation-level facilitator and coordinator until the time for the withering away of the state arrives;
- To defend the country, to protect and uphold the spirit of the Revolution, and interests of the Nation, and public domain of State, as well as to cooperative in preventing and mitigating disasters;
- To strictly observe law;
- To enroll in free compulsory socialist education and to embrace lifelong learning to enhance socialist understanding and civic engagement;
- To respect and actively safeguard the rights and liberties of other persons, fostering social harmony and actively opposing expressions of hatred or division;
- To freely exercise their right to vote in all elections and participatory processes, prioritizing the common interests of the country, recognizing the value of active participation in community assemblies, worker councils, planning boards, and consumer councils for a thriving socialist democracy;
- To cooperate and support the conservation and protection of the environment, natural resources, biodiversity, and cultural heritage, understanding our shared ecological responsibility;
- To refrain from dishonest acts and wrongful conduct, particularly those that undermine the integrity of the Revolution and the socialist economy;
- To contribute to the strength and dynamism of the cooperative economy by considering participation in worker cooperatives, consumer councils, or planning boards, recognizing these as vital avenues for collective economic empowerment and democratic control;
- To cultivate socialist consciousness and contribute to a vibrant socialist culture through ongoing education, community involvement, and celebrating our shared values of egalitarianism and cooperation;
- To support socialist internationalism and movements for global social justice, recognizing our shared human destiny and the importance of global solidarity in the struggle for liberation;
- To promote the ethical and responsible development and utilization of technology, ensuring it serves to enhance collective well-being, environmental sustainability, and the advancement of socialist society.
Section 32: Regarding any endeavor outlined within this Chapter as a communal responsibility within the confederation, should such action directly benefit the people, the people and the community shall possess the prerogative to monitor and encourage the relevant communal associations to undertake such action. Furthermore, recourse to legal proceedings against a pertinent communal association to secure the provision of such benefit to the people or community shall be available, adhering to established rules and procedures.
Section 33: The communes, in their voluntary confederation, shall collectively uphold the principles of democratic socialism, national independence, territorial integrity within mutually agreed upon boundaries, and the honor and collective interests of the Thai people and the Revolution, alongside the maintenance of public order. For these collective purposes, the communes may agree to coordinate efficient military, diplomatic, and intelligence services. Communes may further agree to deploy armed forces for cooperative endeavors in national development, safeguarding the Revolution, extending humanitarian aid, and promoting socialist principles internationally, as mutually determined.
Section 34: The communes, through their confederated agreements, shall ensure the consistent observation, equitable application, and impartial enforcement of mutually agreed upon legal norms, especially those outline in Chapter II. Measures employed shall be uniformly humane, nonviolent, and conducive to social harmony within and between communes. The legal framework, as voluntarily established, shall be rooted in restorative justice principles, emphasizing accountability, reconciliation, and social reintegration over punitive measures. Rehabilitation shall be prioritized as a fundamental aspect of justice administration, with capital punishment, corporal punishment, and practices degrading human dignity being uniformly proscribed across the confederation. Communal legal systems shall aim to be instruments for empowerment, restorative processes, and constructive societal advancement, ensuring justice serves as a catalyst for individual and collective growth rather than merely as a deterrent.
Section 35: The communes, in coordinated effort, shall ensure that every child within the confederation receives access to quality, socialist-oriented, and modern education for a duration of twelve years, spanning from pre-school through the completion of compulsory education, without direct charges levied upon individuals at the point of access. Communes shall further cooperate to provide for the care and developmental needs of young children prior to formal education, fostering physical, cognitive, disciplinary, emotional, social, and intellectual growth appropriate to their age, potentially in collaboration with local administrative organizations, with such services primarily provisioned through communal or cooperative endeavors.
The communes shall cooperatively undertake to provide educational opportunities for individuals across various systems as needed, including the promotion of lifelong learning, and to facilitate collaboration among communes, local administrative organizations, and the cooperative sector to offer education at all levels without direct charges. Communes acknowledge a collective duty to facilitate, oversee, promote, and support the provision of education to ensure quality and adherence to mutually recognized international standards, as detailed within confederally agreed upon national education frameworks, encompassing at minimum provisions for a national education plan, its implementation, and oversight mechanisms to ensure adherence.
All educational endeavors shall aim to develop learners into ethical, disciplined, compassionate individuals, imbued with pride in the Revolution, proficient in their aptitudes, and responsible towards their families, communities, society, and the confederation. In undertaking the provision of early childhood care and development or broader educational opportunities, communes shall cooperatively endeavor to provide individuals with insufficient means access to necessary resources for educational expenses, recognizing inherent rights to equal educational opportunities and outcomes within the confederated system.
Section 36: The communes, in collective action, shall ensure that individuals receive efficient, accessible, reliable, quality, and universally available public health services without direct charges at the point of service. Communes shall also cooperate to ensure public access to necessary knowledge concerning health promotion and disease prevention, and shall promote and support the advancement of Thai traditional medicine expertise for maximal communal benefit.
The public health services, as cooperatively structured, shall encompass health promotion, disease control and prevention, medical treatment, and rehabilitation. Communes shall engage in continuous, collaborative efforts to improve the standards, accessibility, reliability, efficiency, and quality of these public health services across the confederation.
Section 37: The communes shall cooperatively undertake or ensure the provision of universal and comprehensive utility services essential for comfortable, peaceful, fulfilling living for the people, and for the collective security of the confederation. Communes shall not undertake any action that would result in the ownership of these essential utility services reverting to private sector control. The ownership structure of public utilities shall adhere to socialist principles of collective ownership and worker self-management, as determined through inter-communal agreements.
Section 38: The communes, through mutual cooperation, shall:
- Conserve, revive, and promote local knowledge, arts, culture, traditions, and beneficial customs at both local and confederal levels, and facilitate public spaces for relevant activities, including promoting and supporting individuals, communities, and local administrative organizations in exercising rights and participating in these endeavors;
- Conserve, protect, maintain, restore, manage, and sustainably utilize natural resources, environment, and biodiversity, recognizing these as public goods and utilities. Relevant local populations and communities shall be enabled to participate in and benefit from such undertakings, as per mutually established agreements and procedures.
Section 40: In all endeavors initiated or permitted through communal coordination, where such activities are anticipated to significantly impact natural resources, environmental integrity, public health, sanitation, quality of life, or other critical interests of the people, communities, or ecosystems, communes shall prioritize environmental protection and social equity above other considerations. This includes a rigorous, transparent, and participatory evaluation process of potential consequences. Communes shall cooperatively conduct thorough environmental, social, and health impact assessments grounded in ecological justice and intergenerational equity principles. These assessments shall consider both immediate and long-term cumulative effects on ecosystems and vulnerable populations.
Communes shall ensure active participation of all stakeholders, including marginalized groups, indigenous communities, environmental advocates, and the general public, by facilitating inclusive and accessible public forums. The perspectives, knowledge, and consent of local communities, particularly those directly affected, shall be central to decision-making processes. All pertinent information, including technical reports, assessments, and justifications, shall be freely and proactively accessible in clear, understandable formats well in advance of any final decision.
In granting permissions or undertaking such actions, communes shall adopt a precautionary approach to prevent harm to people, communities, biodiversity, and the broader environment. Communes shall implement measures to minimize any unavoidable harm and establish comprehensive restorative justice frameworks to address grievances or damages. These frameworks shall prioritize fair, transparent, and timely redress, ecosystem restoration, and community empowerment in ways that mitigate inequality and enhance ecological resilience.
Above all, communes affirm a commitment to eco-socialism, ensuring no action benefiting specific interests or economic advancement compromises environmental sustainability, human dignity, or the collective well-being of present and future generations.
Individuals and communities shall possess the right to receive information, explanations, and rationales from relevant communal associations prior to implementation or permission grants for such endeavors. In implementation or permission granting, communes shall exercise precaution to minimize impacts on people, communities, environment, and biodiversity, and shall undertake to redress grievances or damages for affected people or communities in a fair and transparent manner without undue delay.
Section 41: The communes shall cooperatively disclose public data or information held by communal associations that is not related to collective security or confidentiality agreements as per mutually established procedures. Communes shall ensure convenient public access to such data and information through both conventional and digital channels.
Section 42: The communes shall collectively maintain radio frequencies and rights to access satellite orbits, recognized as shared resources, to be utilized for the collective benefit of the people and confederation. Arrangements for frequency utilization, whether for radio broadcasting, television broadcasting, telecommunications, or other purposes, shall prioritize the greatest benefit to the people, collective security, public interest, and participatory utilization, as per mutually established procedures.
Communes shall establish a confederated association, operating independently, to oversee and regulate undertakings related to frequency utilization. This association shall ensure measures are in place to prevent unfair consumer exploitation or undue burdens, to prevent frequency interference, to prevent actions obstructing the liberty of people to know or preventing access to accurate information, and to prevent any person or group from utilizing frequencies without considering the rights of the general public. This includes prescribing a minimum proportion of frequency utilization to be undertaken for public benefit, as per mutually established procedures.
Section 43: The communes shall cooperatively provide effective mechanisms and measures to protect and safeguard consumer rights across various aspects. These include, but are not limited to, access to accurate information, safety standards, equitable contractual agreements, and other elements that benefit consumers within the confederation.
Section 44: The communes shall jointly maintain fiscal and financial discipline to ensure the sustainable stability and security of the confederation’s collective financial status, in accordance with mutually established financial and fiscal protocols. Communes shall establish post-capitalist transaction systems to ensure fairness across the confederation. Mutually agreed upon financial and fiscal protocols shall, at minimum, encompass provisions relating to the framework for public finance and budgeting across the confederation, the formulation of fiscal discipline concerning both budgetary and extra-budgetary revenue, the rights of all citizens to participatory engagement in budgeting processes, and expenditures, management of collectively held resources and treasury reserves, and public debt management across the confederation.
Section 45: The communes shall cooperatively promote, support, and disseminate knowledge to the people regarding the dangers stemming from dishonest acts and wrongful conduct within both communal and cooperative sectors. Communes shall provide effective mechanisms and measures to rigorously prevent and eliminate such dishonest acts and wrongful conduct, including mechanisms to promote collective public participation in campaigns to disseminate knowledge, counter corruption, or provide leads under communal protection, as per mutually established procedures.
Chapter V: Directive Principles of State Policies
Section 46: The provisions articulated within this Chapter serve as directive principles for legislative considerations and policy determinations across the voluntary confederation of communes, guiding the administration of communal affairs in a coordinated manner.
Section 47: The communes, in their voluntary confederation, should collaboratively formulate a national strategy intended as a shared objective for the sustainable development of the confederation, operating under the principle of effective governance. This national strategy is to serve as a guiding framework for the development of consistent and integrated plans, harmonizing efforts to achieve this shared objective.
The formulation process, encompassing the determination of objectives, specification of timelines for goal attainment, and delineation of content to be included within the national strategy, shall adhere to rules and procedures established through mutual agreement among the communes. Such regulations shall also incorporate provisions for public participation and consultation across all sectors, utilizing participatory democratic institutions established at the communal level. The national strategy, once finalized, shall be formally enacted upon its publication in the official Government Gazette, serving as a reference for coordinated communal policy and action.
Section 48: The communes, in their coordinated actions, should promote amicable relations with other countries, adhering to the principle of equality in international interactions and non-interference in the internal affairs of other sovereign nations. Collaborative engagement with international organizations should be pursued by the communes, in a manner that protects the collective national interests and the welfare of Thai people in foreign countries.
In matters pertaining to engagement with foreign states that adhere to liberal, free-market democratic systems of governance and economy, it is incumbent upon the communes to collectively furnish clear and substantive evidence of the prospective benefits arising from such interactions. The communes shall ensure that such evidence is disseminated to the public through both conventional and digital channels of communication, facilitating informed communal consideration. Subsequently, the communes shall provide for participatory determination by the people, exercised through their Community Assemblies, to ascertain whether such engagement aligns with the objectives of the Revolution and the paramount interests of the Thai nation.
In relations with states oriented toward socialist principles, the communes shall undertake all necessary measures to establish and preserve enduring and amicable relations. The communes should further endeavor to facilitate the formation and sustenance of an international socialist bloc, conceived as a foundational step toward the realization of a World Federation of Socialist States. Recognizing their confederation as embodying the achievements of 21st-century socialism, the communes shall actively advance progressive, democratic, and egalitarian principles in their interactions with all nations, whether socialist or otherwise, thereby affirming their role as a principal moral authority within the global community of nations.
Section 49: The communes, in their voluntary association, should uphold and actively pursue the objectives of the Revolution, explicitly defined as the establishment of an egalitarian, post-capitalist, and communist society within the Socialist Republic. In furtherance of these objectives, the communes acknowledge that the transition to a communist society within Thailand is intrinsically linked to global conditions and cannot be fully realized in isolation amidst the continued prevalence of capitalist modes of production and exploitation on a planetary scale. Accordingly, as a necessary measure in the progression toward full communism, the communes shall collectively advance the cause of permanent revolution on a global scale, adhering to the principle of proletarian internationalism as a guiding tenet of their confederated action and international solidarity.
Section 50: The communes, in their coordinated governance, should organize a management system for the participatory and restorative justice process across all aspects of communal life to ensure efficiency, fairness, and non-discrimination. They shall collectively ensure that individuals within their jurisdictions have accessible recourse to the justice process in a convenient and expeditious manner, without undue delay and without incurring excessive expenses.
The communes should cooperatively provide protective measures for officials engaged in the justice process, enabling them to perform their duties strictly without external interference or manipulation. The communes shall jointly provide comprehensive and universal legal aid to all individuals within the confederation, particularly indigent or underprivileged persons, to ensure equitable access to the justice process, including the provision of legal counsel as necessary and determined through mutually agreed upon procedures.
Section 51: The communes, through their confederated structures, should cooperatively provide for and promote research and development across various branches of science, technology, and disciplines of arts. This collaborative endeavor is intended to foster the creation of knowledge, drive development, and stimulate innovation, thereby strengthening the collective society and enhancing the competence of people throughout the confederation. The outcomes of such research and development are to be directed towards the collective benefit and advancement of the socialist society as a whole.
Section 52: The communes, in their collective governance, should actively foster and ensure the protection, recognition, and empowerment of all ethnic groups within their jurisdictions. They shall affirm the inalienable right of these groups to preserve, practice, and develop their traditional cultures, languages, customs, and ways of life. This right shall be exercised freely, voluntarily, and in harmony with a society committed to peace, mutual respect, and inclusivity. The communes shall collectively guarantee such practices without discrimination or undue interference, provided they remain consistent with principles of public order, ethical integrity, and do not pose risks to the security of the confederation, public health, or sanitation standards as mutually determined. Moreover, the communes should proactively create opportunities and allocate resources to support the flourishing of diverse cultural identities, ensuring their vibrant integration within the broader societal fabric of the confederation.
Section 53: The communes, acknowledging the historical emergence of the nuclear family as a social construct historically linked to the consolidation of private property and the intergenerational transfer of wealth, recognize such structures, particularly patriarchal family models, as instruments potentially reinforcing prescribed gender roles and sustaining capitalist frameworks. Recognizing the historical establishment of monogamous family forms as mechanisms of social control and regulation of women’s reproductive labor within systems of lineage-based inheritance, the communes shall collectively consider and adopt measures to transcend these historical conventions.
In pursuit of a post-capitalist, communal society, wherein economic production and resources are held collectively for the common good, the communes should endeavor to render obsolete familial structures predicated upon private ownership and inheritance. To this end, they may promote the collective care and nurturing of children and the emancipation of individuals from traditional domestic labor roles, fostering new forms of familial and societal organization that are more harmonious with principles of social equality, gender equity, and communal well-being, as determined through participatory processes at the communal level.
Section 54: The communes, in their coordinated governance, shall undertake actions relating to land utilization, water resources management, and energy provision as follows:
- To engage in coordinated land use planning across the confederation, in conjunction with local governance structures and participatory institutions, to ensure land utilization is appropriate to the area’s ecological conditions and developmental potentials, adhering to the principle of sustainable development as a confederated objective;
- To delegate town and communal planning responsibilities at every level to local government and participatory institutions within each commune, and to coordinate such planning efforts efficiently across the confederation, as well as to assist communal development in a manner that promotes prosperity and effectively meets the diverse needs of the people within each area;
- To provide measures for the equitable distribution of collectively held or individually utilized landholdings, in order to thoroughly and fairly enable people to have access to land for purposes of self-expression, personal cultivation, and leisure activities, consistent with socialist principles of land ownership and utilization;
- To provide access to quality, clean, and potable water resources that are sufficient for consumption by the people, including for agricultural activities, industrial applications, and other essential communal activities, ensuring equitable distribution and sustainable management of water across the confederation.;
- To promote energy conservation practices and cost-effective energy utilization throughout the confederation, as well as to collaboratively develop and support the production and utilization of alternative energy sources, in order to enhance sustainable energy security and reduce reliance on non-renewable resources within the confederated economy.
It is hereby affirmed as a directive principle that the communes shall cooperatively assist agricultural producers who are demonstrably indigent in acquiring access to land for their sustenance, through comprehensive land reform initiatives or alternative means of land access, including but not limited to facilitating their integration into collectively managed agricultural endeavors and cooperative farming arrangements.
Section 56: The communes, in their collective social governance, shall ensure that every individual within their jurisdiction has the fundamental right to engage in labor in accordance with their inherent capacities, stage of personal development, individual capabilities, and acquired professional skills. The communes shall collectively guarantee access to meaningful employment opportunities that fulfill the human dignity and potential of all citizens across the confederation. The communes shall vigilantly protect the labor force from exploitative economic practices, specifically those originating from capitalist economic logics, ensuring the sanctity of workers' rights through comprehensive and mutually agreed upon safeguards. They shall collectively establish rigorous standards for workplace safety, occupational health protections, and systems of equitable compensation that reflect an individual’s contribution to the collective societal welfare, as determined through participatory economic planning and valuation mechanisms.
Workers shall be entitled to comprehensive social security provisions, social welfare benefits, and support systems that ensure a dignified standard of living beyond their years of active labor force participation. The communes shall jointly institute and maintain robust retirement plans and supportive subsidies that enable citizens to live with material comfort and social security after concluding their formal professional contributions. A collaborative system of labor relations shall be established across the confederation, wherein all relevant parties may participate equitably in the determination of workplace conditions, labor rights, and mutual responsibilities, thus fostering a harmonious and just economic environment throughout the confederation.
Section 57: The economic system of the confederation shall be organized under the socialist principle of equitable contribution, rooted in the Labor Theory of Value, ensuring that the people collectively benefit from labor in a comprehensive, fair, and ecologically sustainable manner. The communes shall cooperatively pursue economic self-reliance within the confederation, in accordance with socialist economic principles, with the fundamental objectives of systematically eliminating economic monopolies and capitalist exploitation, and proactively advancing economic equity, broad-based democratic participation in economic decision-making, and national economic competitiveness within the global context.
The communes shall actively promote, support, protect, and stabilize systems of cooperative enterprises, democratically managed labor organizations, and small to medium scale communal enterprises established by the people and communities. In the pursuit of national development and economic advancement, the communes shall maintain a deliberate and principled balance between material progress and intellectual and cultural advancement, with paramount consideration given to the holistic well-being of the people across the confederation.
Section 58: The communes, in their collective governance framework, shall recognize and respect the inherent psychological diversity of individuals within their jurisdictions, explicitly acknowledging that democratic participation and civic engagement may manifest in diverse forms across various personality types, including those individuals who are characteristically introverted and may prefer less direct and more reflective modes of participation and contribution. The communes shall collaboratively design participatory mechanisms that are flexible, broadly accessible, and intentionally accommodate varied modes of democratic expression, ensuring that the right to participate is substantive and meaningful for all citizens, rather than merely procedural or uniformly structured.
Participatory processes across the confederation shall be structurally designed to provide multiple channels for citizen input and engagement—including provisions for written submissions, utilization of digital participatory platforms, mechanisms for representative delegation, and opportunities for asynchronous consultation and feedback—thereby effectively empowering individuals to contribute to democratic governance according to their personal preferences, capabilities, and levels of comfort with different modes of engagement. The fundamental objective of these diverse participatory mechanisms shall be the achievement of genuinely meaningful democratic inclusion for all citizens, rather than the imposition of mandatory uniformity in modes of civic and political engagement.
Chapter VI: Provincial Administration
Section 59: In accordance with Section 2 of this Constitution, which defines Thailand as a confederation of self-governing communes, provincial administration is established through the voluntary association of Community Assemblies within geographically contiguous areas. The organizational structure and operational procedures for each provincial administration are determined by mutual agreements formulated and subsequently ratified by the Community Assemblies participating in each federation.
The National Assembly may, upon request from the Community Assemblies, provide model frameworks and facilitate discussions intended to aid in the establishment of provincial administrations; however, the National Assembly does not mandate the structure or operational procedures of provincial government. Considerations for the formation of provincial administrations include the expressed will of the Community Assemblies within the prospective province, the demonstrated capacity for self-governance among these assemblies, population density, and geographical scope.
Section 60: Consistent with the principles of socialist participatory democracy, the Provincial Governor functions as a coordinator and facilitator at the provincial level, deriving mandate from the voluntary association of Community Assemblies. This office, analogous to the Rotating Coordinator at the national level, operates to ensure the participatory involvement and representation of the populace in governance while upholding the principles of communal self-determination and collective decision-making within the provincial federation.
Section 61: Each provincial administration, as a voluntary association of Community Assemblies, coordinates the delivery of shared public services and activities as mutually agreed upon by its constituent Community Assemblies. This coordination aligns with the principles of sustainable development and universal basic services as defined within the provincial federation. The specific provision and standards of such services are determined by inter-communal agreements within each provincial administration, reflecting the collective will of the participating Community Assemblies.
The National Assembly may facilitate information sharing and the dissemination of best practices among provincial administrations regarding service delivery; however, the National Assembly does not mandate service provision or specific standards upon provincial administrations or Community Assemblies. These responsibilities are coordinated at the provincial level, recognizing the provincial administrative organization as a voluntary association within the Thai confederation. The coordination at the ‘national level’ ensures facilitation and information sharing across provincial jurisdictions.
Section 62: The provincial administration retains the right to operate independently of mandates or directives originating from the ‘national level’ coordination, provided such operational independence reflects the expressed will of the population within its jurisdiction. To operationalize this autonomy, while maintaining a balance of provincial accountability and self-governance within the confederation, a Provincial Assembly is established as a representative body of the province's population. This Provincial Assembly is constituted through periodic, voluntary elections conducted concurrently with the election of the Provincial Governor. These elections employ a proportional representation system designed to ensure equitable representation of the province’s diverse populace within the assembly.
Section 63: The Provincial Governor is directly accountable to the local population and the Provincial Assembly of the voluntary provincial federation. The Governor does not hold membership in the Provincial Assembly. Democratically elected members of the Provincial Assembly function as dedicated coordinators and facilitators, ensuring province-wide cohesion in the voluntary provision of universal basic services, in a manner analogous to the function of members of the National Assembly at the confederal level. Their specific duties and modes of interaction with local administrative bodies at the district and subdistrict levels are detailed in Chapter VII on Local Administration.
Each Provincial Assembly possesses the authority to establish its own rules of procedure, mirroring the operational framework of the National Assembly. From amongst its members, the Assembly internally selects a Provincial Head Coordinator and Facilitator to oversee specific duties analogous to those of ‘national level’ facilitators. Collectively, these facilitators serve as liaisons between the ‘national level’ coordination and provincial administrations, ensuring effective communication and facilitation of voluntarily coordinated duties and responsibilities amongst the communes.
Section 64: While acknowledging the confederal nature of the Thai State and the supremacy of this Constitution as a confederal agreement, Provincial Assemblies possess devolved legislative authority to enact ordinances on matters of primarily provincial concern, as defined within mutually agreed upon frameworks of confederal legislation and constitutional principles. These devolved legislative powers may include, but are not limited to, the following areas:
- Local Economic Development: Regulation and promotion of provincial economic activities, encompassing cooperative enterprises, communal ventures, local resource management, and provincial economic planning, provided these activities align with the overarching socialist economic principles of the confederation.
- Cultural Affairs and Local Traditions: Preservation, promotion, and development of provincial arts, culture, traditions, local knowledge, and linguistic diversity, ensuring alignment with mutually agreed upon confederal cultural heritage objectives and human dignity principles.
- Environmental Management and Conservation: Implementation and adaptation of confederal environmental standards and regulations to provincial contexts, including local resource management, pollution control, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development initiatives, within the confederal framework.
- Social Services Adaptation and Delivery: Tailoring and innovating the voluntary delivery of confederal social services – encompassing education, healthcare, housing, and social security – to meet specific provincial needs and circumstances, ensuring equitable access and quality within confederal frameworks.
- Local Infrastructure and Public Works: Planning, development, and management of provincial infrastructure projects, public works, and utilities that primarily benefit the province, coordinated with mutually agreed upon confederal infrastructure strategies.
- Provincial Administration and Governance: Structuring and regulating the internal operations of the provincial administration, including procedures for participatory governance, citizen engagement, and accountability mechanisms, consistent with the principles of socialist participatory democracy as outlined in this confederal constitution.
Section 65: The provincial administrative organization exercises full independence in managing and delivering public services, conditional upon the universal basic services within its jurisdiction adhering to mutually agreed upon confederal standards. It is vested with the authority and responsibility to design a provincial governance system that safeguards against conflicts of interest and prevents undue interference with the duties of local officials within the province. While the ‘national level’ coordination facilitates the establishment of overarching standards and uniform Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), each provincial administration is empowered to interpret and adapt these indicators to better address the specific needs of its jurisdiction, provided such interpretation aligns with provincial public perception and consensus.
Section 66: To clarify and expand upon the provincial administration's “right to operate independently of mandates or directives from the ‘national level’ coordination,” as articulated in Section 62, this autonomy is grounded in the procedural rules established by each Provincial Assembly. At a minimum, these rules ensure mechanisms for participatory governance, granting citizens the right to observe and participate in sessions of the assembly. Additionally, these rules provide for methods to ascertain province-wide opinion, such as through referenda. These participatory mechanisms also serve as a means for raising concerns regarding directives originating from the ‘national level’ coordination, as referenced in Section 63, within the framework of inter-communal and inter-provincial dialogue.
Chapter VII: Local Administration
Section 67: In accordance with constitutional Sections 1 and 59, local administrative structures within subdistricts and districts are established through the self-determined organization of Community Assemblies. These structures are constituted to reflect the principles of direct democracy and self-governance as articulated by the local populace. The framework, structure, and operational procedures governing subdistrict and district level coordination are defined by agreements formulated and ratified by the Community Assemblies within each respective subdistrict and district. Provincial administrations may, upon formal request from Community Assemblies, offer consultative frameworks and facilitate discussions to assist in the establishment of these local administrative structures. The autonomy of Community Assemblies and their federations in structuring local administration remains constitutionally upheld.
Section 68: Local administrative structures may incorporate District Administrative Organizations (DAOs) and Subdistrict Administrative Organizations (SAOs) as determined by the associated Community Assemblies within each district and subdistrict. These organizations, if established, serve to facilitate inter-communal coordination and the provision of services as agreed upon by the constituent Community Assemblies. The organizational structure and procedural guidelines for DAOs and SAOs are determined by agreements formulated and ratified by the participating Community Assemblies. Provincial administrations may, upon formal request from Community Assemblies, provide consultative guidance and support for the establishment and operation of DAOs and SAOs, respecting the principles of communal autonomy and self-determination.
Section 69: The governance structure of Local Administrative Organizations (LAOs), where such organizations are established, is fundamentally rooted in participatory, bottom-up socialist principles. The Community Assembly at the Muban level serves as the primary organ for direct democracy. Each Muban, in instances where a local administrative structure is deemed necessary by its populace, may establish a Community Assembly as the cornerstone of its self-governance. Within such assemblies, a deliberative body may be constituted through a regular, transparent rotational sortition process from amongst the residents, ensuring equitable and random representation reflective of the Muban's populace for the purposes of organized discussion.
While a body of representatives may facilitate structured deliberation, all individuals legally residing within the Muban’s jurisdiction retain the right to actively and directly participate in the functions of the Community Assembly. These participatory rights include, but are not limited to, the capacity to vote on proposed policies, engage in open discussions and debates, propose initiatives for community betterment, and directly express assent or dissent regarding any policy or decision under consideration. The Community Assembly, where established, functions as the primary forum for local policy formulation and implementation concerning matters within the Muban, operating within the agreed upon frameworks of confederal and provincial guidelines.
The functions of the Community Assembly, when constituted, may encompass:
- Local Policy and Regulation: Formulation, enactment, and oversight of local regulations and policies directly relevant to the Muban, including community safety initiatives, local environmental considerations, cultural preservation efforts, and social welfare programs, ensuring alignment with broader socialist principles as voluntarily adopted by the Community Assembly.
- Participatory Budgeting at the Muban Levelp: Management and allocation of the Muban's portion of resources, derived from decentralized resource distribution mechanisms, through deliberative processes. This may include prioritization of community projects, local services, and cooperative initiatives based on collectively determined needs and priorities.
- Community Project Initiation and Oversight: Initiation, planning, and oversight of community-led projects intended to enhance local infrastructure, public spaces, and communal facilities, fostering communal self-reliance and collective action.
- Dispute Resolution and People’s Court Access: Facilitation of access to the People’s Court system at the foundational level, as described in Section 90. The Community Assembly may facilitate the selection of judges for the People’s Court from within the Muban, and provide a platform for community-based dispute resolution, emphasizing restorative justice principles and local accountability as determined by the Community Assembly.
- Nomination and Articulation of Local Perspectives: While higher-level representatives are subject to broader electoral processes, the Community Assembly may serve a role in proposing individuals for consideration in Subdistrict Administrative Organization (SAO) and District Administrative Organization (DAO) roles, ensuring local perspectives inform the selection of individuals engaged in higher tiers of local coordination. The Community Assembly may also serve as a forum for articulating local perspectives to SAOs and DAOs.
- Monitoring and Improving Local Services: Monitoring of the provision of public services within the Muban, and communication with the SAO and DAO to convey community perspectives regarding service provision in relation to community needs and confederal standards.
Section 70: The geographical scope of District Administrative Organization areas, when DAOs are established, is determined through agreements amongst the Community Assemblies within the proposed district area, reflecting local geographical and communal relationships. The National Assembly may, upon request from the Community Assemblies, offer cartographic and logistical support to facilitate this boundary determination process. Modifications to DAO boundaries necessitate the consent of the Community Assemblies involved, achieved through their own self-determined procedures. In areas designated as capital districts for provincial federations, coordination between the DAO, if established, and the provincial administration is established through voluntary agreements between the relevant parties, respecting the distinct operational parameters of both DAOs and provincial administrations.
Section 71: The DAO, if established, functions as a localized mechanism for coordination within the district, facilitating the provision of public services and activities for the benefit of the populace as agreed upon by the constituent Community Assemblies. To support this coordination function, derived from the voluntary association of Community Assemblies within the district, the DAO may receive resources amounting to a proportion of the revenues associated with economic activities within the respective province. The distribution of resources is determined through confederal level mechanisms, with a proportion of national resources designated for distribution to provincial and local administrations.
Individuals engaged in DAO coordination functions, in this context, may participate in professional development mechanisms. Such mechanisms may facilitate opportunities for transition into coordination roles within the provincial administration, whose personnel operate within the broader confederal administrative framework.
Section 72: The SAO, if established, functions as a coordination mechanism within each subdistrict, its operational framework reflecting the voluntary association of Community Assemblies within the subdistrict. The SAO serves as a point of communication between the local populace of each subdistrict and broader coordination structures. Its function is to facilitate the integration of public services, activities, and policies across the subdistrict, ensuring communication between the Community Assemblies and the DAO, where established. The SAO, if established, operates with operational parameters determined by the constituent Community Assemblies, with resource provision potentially facilitated through the DAO, as per confederal guidelines.
Section 73: Each subdistrict, should the Community Assemblies determine it appropriate, may conduct periodic processes to select an individual to serve as a Subdistrict Coordinator. The Subdistrict Coordinator, if this position is established, facilitates the coordination of subdistrict matters and communication amongst Community Assemblies within the subdistrict, pursuant to locally determined procedures and in accordance with district level coordination frameworks.
The Subdistrict Coordinator, if selected, facilitates the operational aspects of the municipality and remains accountable to the populace of the subdistrict.
The Subdistrict Coordinator, if the position is established, may be supported by individuals in designated roles, as determined by subdistrict level processes. The functions and responsibilities of the Subdistrict Coordinator, if this position is established, are further defined through confederal guidelines and local agreements, and may include defined term parameters and mechanisms for accountability.
Chapter VIII: The Courts
Part 1: General Provisions
Section 74: The function of adjudicating cases is established through communal agreements among participating communes. Judicial functions shall be exercised in accordance with the confederal agreement and mutually established legal norms, with due regard for agreed-upon principles. Individuals performing judicial functions shall operate impartially and independently within their designated communal or inter-communal jurisdiction. Judicial processes are to be conducted expeditiously, equitably, transparently, and without prejudice to ensure the integrity of dispute resolution mechanisms as agreed upon by participating communes.
Section 75: Communal entities, through voluntary agreements, may establish communal or inter-communal courts to adjudicate disputes as determined by the participating communes. A hierarchical judicial structure shall not be imposed upon the Community Assemblies. Mechanisms for dispute resolution between or among communes are to be determined by agreements between the involved Community Assemblies or their Federations, respecting communal autonomy and self-determination in matters of justice administration.
Section 76: The selection and removal of individuals performing judicial functions shall be determined by the populace within the jurisdiction of the respective courts, in accordance with principles of public participation, communal governance norms, and egalitarian tenets. In the event of a vacancy in judicial function due to circumstances such as incapacitation, voluntary relinquishment, term expiration, or removal for cause as per agreed-upon legal standards, the matter shall be addressed through a communal process for deliberation and resolution. This process is to reflect the will of the relevant populace and uphold principles of transparency, communal accountability, and equitable representation within the judicial selection process.
Section 77: In instances of jurisdictional ambiguity or conflict between distinct communal or inter-communal courts, or between a court and an alternative dispute resolution mechanism established by Community Assemblies, resolution shall be pursued through voluntary arbitration or mediation. Such processes are to be mutually agreed upon by the Community Assemblies or their Federations involved. The National Assembly may, upon formal request from the involved parties, offer a roster of impartial facilitators to assist in arbitration or mediation, without imposing binding jurisdictional determinations, thereby respecting communal autonomy in dispute resolution.
Section 78: Each court established through communal or inter-communal agreement shall operate with a functionally independent administrative unit. This unit is responsible for personnel administration, resource allocation, and logistical operations, and is led by a designated administrative officer. This officer is directly accountable to the presiding officer of the respective court, in accordance with mutually established operational protocols. Resource allocation and remuneration systems for judicial and administrative personnel within the Courts of Justice and the Administrative Courts are to be distinct and appropriately structured, as defined by mutually agreed upon legal norms. People’s Courts are to be established and maintained at the Muban level, functioning under the purview of the respective Community Assembly, as per mutually determined communal guidelines.
Part 2: Courts of Justice
Section 79: Courts of Justice are established through voluntary communal agreements to adjudicate legal disputes, except for those disputes explicitly assigned to specific courts via constitutional or other legal provisions agreed upon by participating communes. The jurisdiction, procedures, and operations of the Courts of Justice are determined by the provisions of this Constitution and applicable legal frameworks established through inter-communal consensus.
Section 80: The Supreme Court, established through voluntary communal agreement, serves as a confederal level court for civil and criminal cases that participating communes have agreed fall under its purview. It functions independently of the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court. Decisions rendered by the Supreme Court are considered final within the scope of its agreed upon jurisdiction and are not subject to further appeal within the confederal judicial framework.
The composition of the Supreme Court is determined by panels of five, seven, or nine judges, as deemed appropriate for the case, all of whom must hold a rank no lower than Justice of the Supreme Court or possess equivalent judicial seniority as defined by inter-communal agreement.
The position of Justice of the Supreme Court is filled through a democratic election process agreed upon by participating communes, ensuring fairness and transparency. All personnel of the Courts of Justice, irrespective of role or position, possess equal voting rights in this election, without discrimination.
Eligibility for election as Justice of the Supreme Court extends to all legally employed judges meeting qualifications established through inter-communal agreement, irrespective of personal characteristics.
Section 81: The Provincial Administrative Organization, as a voluntary association of Community Assemblies, undertakes the facilitation of conditions necessary for the independent operation of a Provincial Court of Justice within its jurisdictional area, contingent upon communal agreements within the province.
The Provincial Court of Justice holds the authority to hear and adjudicate cases arising within the jurisdiction of the Provincial Administrative Organization, as defined by inter-communal agreements, unless such jurisdiction is superseded by a District Court of Justice as per agreed frameworks. The Provincial Court of Justice retains discretion to accept or decline appeals from decisions of the District Court of Justice, as procedurally outlined in mutually agreed upon legal frameworks.
A statute, established through inter-communal consensus, provides the procedural framework for appealing decisions from the Provincial Court of Justice. Appeals may be submitted to the Supreme Court, which retains the prerogative, as per inter-communal agreement, to accept or decline to hear such appeals.
Section 82: The District Administrative Organization, as a voluntary association of Community Assemblies, undertakes the facilitation of conditions necessary for the independent operation of a District Court of Justice within its jurisdictional area, contingent upon communal agreements within the district.
The District Court of Justice is authorized to hear and adjudicate cases originating within the District Administrative Organization’s jurisdiction, as defined by communal agreements, unless the involved parties mutually agree to resolution via the People’s Court. The District Court of Justice also holds the discretion to accept or decline appeals from decisions of the People’s Court, as procedurally defined by inter-communal legal frameworks.
Section 83: Personnel administration for judges within the Courts of Justice operates independently, managed by the Judicial Commission of the Courts of Justice. This commission is composed of the President of the Supreme Court as Chairperson, qualified judicial officers from each court level, and a maximum of two qualified individuals from outside the judicial officer ranks, elected by judicial officers, all as defined by inter-communal legal agreements.
Part 3: Courts of Administration
Section 84: Courts of Administration are established through voluntary communal agreements to adjudicate legal disputes pertaining to administrative actions, decisions, or omissions by government agencies, officials, and other administrative entities, except in instances where jurisdiction is explicitly assigned by the Constitution or other duly established legal provisions to specific courts. The establishment, jurisdiction, procedures, and operations of the Courts of Administration are governed by the provisions stipulated in the Constitution and mutually agreed upon legal frameworks.
Section 85: The Supreme Administrative Court, established through voluntary communal agreement, serves as a confederal level court for administrative disputes that participating communes have agreed fall under its purview. It operates independently from the Courts of Justice and the Constitutional Court. Decisions rendered by the Supreme Administrative Court are considered final within the scope of its agreed upon jurisdiction and are not subject to further appeal within the confederal administrative judicial framework.
The composition of the Supreme Administrative Court is determined by panels of five, seven, or nine judges, as deemed appropriate for the case, all of whom must hold a rank no lower than Justice of the Supreme Administrative Court or possess equivalent judicial seniority as defined by inter-communal agreement.
The position of Justice of the Supreme Administrative Court is filled through a democratic election process agreed upon by participating communes, ensuring fairness and transparency. All personnel of the Courts of Administration, irrespective of role or position, possess equal voting rights in this election, without discrimination.
Eligibility for election as Justice of the Supreme Administrative Court extends to all legally employed judges meeting qualifications established through inter-communal agreement, irrespective of personal characteristics.
Section 86: The Provincial Administrative Organization, as a voluntary association of Community Assemblies, undertakes the facilitation of conditions necessary for the independent operation of a Provincial Administrative Court within its jurisdictional area, contingent upon communal agreements within the province.
The Provincial Administrative Court holds the authority to hear and adjudicate administrative cases arising within the jurisdiction of the Provincial Administrative Organization, as defined by inter-communal agreements, unless such jurisdiction is overlapped by a District Administrative Court as per agreed frameworks. The Provincial Administrative Court retains discretion to accept or decline appeals from decisions of the District Administrative Court, as procedurally outlined in mutually agreed upon legal frameworks.
A statute, established through inter-communal consensus, provides the procedural framework for appealing decisions from the Provincial Administrative Court. Appeals may be submitted to the Supreme Administrative Court, which retains the prerogative, as per inter-communal agreement, to accept or decline to hear such appeals.
Section 88: The District Administrative Organization, as a voluntary association of Community Assemblies, undertakes the facilitation of conditions necessary for the independent operation of a District Administrative Court within its jurisdictional area, contingent upon communal agreements within the district.
The District Administrative Court is authorized to hear and adjudicate administrative cases originating within the District Administrative Organization’s jurisdiction, as defined by communal agreements, unless the involved parties mutually agree to resolution via alternative administrative dispute resolution mechanisms as prescribed by law. The District Administrative Court also holds the discretion to accept or decline appeals from decisions of lower administrative adjudicative bodies or administrative tribunals, as procedurally defined by inter-communal legal frameworks.
Section 89: Personnel administration relating to judges of the Courts of Administration is undertaken independently by the Judicial Commission of the Courts of Administration. This Commission consists of the President of the Supreme Administrative Court as Chairperson, and qualified members who are judicial officers of each level of the Court, along with not more than two qualified persons who are not or have never been judicial officers, elected by judicial officers, as provided by inter-communal legal agreements.
Part 4: People’s Court
Section 90: The People’s Court is established as a communal mechanism for dispute resolution, operating independently within the framework of Community Assemblies. Its function is characterized as temporary and specific to individual cases, activated upon the consensual presentation of a dispute by all involved parties to the relevant Community Assembly. Judges for a convened People’s Court are selected through a process of random assignment from the local populace under the Community Assembly’s jurisdiction. This communal court is designed to provide an accessible and informal venue for resolving disagreements, with proceedings conducted by community members who assess cases and formulate verdicts based on contextual factors, communal norms, and proposed resolutions by the involved parties.
Section 91: Decisions rendered by a People’s Court are considered binding within the communal context of the involved Community Assembly, contingent upon the voluntary agreement of the disputing parties to adhere to its jurisdiction. Recourse to the formal judicial system is available through an appeal, which must be initiated by one or more of the involved parties. Should an appeal to the formal judicial system be pursued, subsequent adjudication is processed as a new and distinct case within the established judicial framework, independent of the People’s Court proceedings and verdict. The initial decision of the People’s Court remains binding unless and until superseded by a formal judicial ruling or if the original decision is determined to be inconsistent with mutually agreed upon legal norms.
Section 92: The procedural format of the People’s Court, whether public or private, is determined by the mutual accord of all disputing parties. The option for private proceedings is upheld as a fundamental aspect of this communal dispute resolution mechanism, particularly for matters of a personal or minor nature. Public hearings may be conducted only upon explicit agreement, either verbal or documented, by all parties involved. In instances where verbal agreement for a public hearing is established, a record of this agreement is to be created through digital means or an alternative recording method deemed suitable to the specific circumstances, ensuring documented consent for public proceedings.
Chapter IX: Constitutional Court
Section 93: Given the confederal nature of Thailand, and the primacy of Community Assemblies in interpreting this constitution within their own jurisdictions, a Constitution Court may be convened, upon the joint request of a substantial number of Community Assemblies or Provincial Administrations, to offer non-binding advisory opinions on matters of constitutional interpretation that have broad confederal implications. If convened, the panel shall be composed of representatives selected by Community Assemblies and provincial administrations, ensuring a diverse and balanced representation of communal perspectives. The procedural rules for convening and operating the Constitutional Court, and the weight given to its advisory opinions, shall be determined through inter-communal agreements ratified by a significant majority of Community Assemblies across the confederation.
Chapter X: Elections and Electoral Systems
Part 1: General Principles of Elections
Section 94: Elections within the Socialist Republic of Thailand are conducted to facilitate democratic and participatory governance as established in this Constitution. The electoral system is structured to reflect the collective will of the Thai people and to enable their direct participation in the selection of coordinating representatives and decision-making processes at all levels of voluntary association. Elections are to be conducted in a manner that is free, fair, transparent, and accessible to all eligible citizens.
Section 95: The fundamental principles guiding electoral processes within the Socialist Republic of Thailand are as follows:
- Universality: All Thai citizens who have reached the age of eighteen years, unless legally disqualified, possess the right to participate in voting and to stand for voluntary representative roles, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and relevant inter-communal agreements.
- Equality: Each vote is of equivalent value. The electoral system aims to foster equitable representation, reflecting the diversity of the Thai populace and their constituent communities.
- Direct Participation: Electoral processes are designed to encourage the direct engagement of citizens, aligning with the principles of participatory democracy. Mechanisms for direct communal input and accountability are integrated into electoral procedures where contextually relevant and viable.
- Decentralization: Electoral activities are conducted at the national, provincial, district, subdistrict, and community levels, mirroring the decentralized governance structure of the Socialist Republic.
- Socialist Principles: The electoral system is consistent with the socialist tenets of collective ownership, egalitarianism, and participatory governance. It is intended to prevent the undue influence of private capital and to ensure that the interests of worker councils and community assemblies are duly represented in coordinating bodies.
- Transparency and Accountability: All phases of the electoral process, from citizen registration to tabulation of votes and resolution of disputes, are transparent and open to public observation. Electoral administration bodies are accountable to the people and subject to mutually agreed upon oversight mechanisms.
- Freedom of Choice: Citizens possess the liberty to make electoral decisions without coercion, intimidation, or undue influence. The voluntary associations of communes ensure an environment conducive to the free articulation of political perspectives and the exercise of electoral rights.
Section 96: An Election Commission (EC) may be voluntarily established through agreements among provincial administrations and Community Assemblies. If established, the EC provides logistical support and facilitates coordination for confederal-level referendums or any voluntary joint electoral processes as agreed upon by participating communes. The composition, delegated powers, duties, and operational procedures of the EC, should it be established, are determined by inter-communal agreements ratified by the participating Community Assemblies and provincial administrations, ensuring its impartiality and responsiveness to communal will. Community Assemblies and provincial administrations retain autonomous authority over the management of their respective local and provincial elections, should they choose to conduct them.
Section 97: Provincial, District, and Subdistrict Election Committees may be established at each respective administrative level to manage and administer elections within their defined jurisdictions, with facilitation and support from the EC, where voluntarily established, and in accordance with inter-communal agreements. The composition and operational procedures of these committees are defined by inter-communal agreements, ensuring local participation and accountability within the voluntary framework.
Section 98: Community Assemblies are responsible for organizing and administering processes for selecting their own representative bodies and for facilitating local participatory processes, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter VII and relevant inter-communal agreements.
Part 3: Electoral Systems for Different Levels of Governance
Section 99: National Assembly Elections: Members of the National Assembly are selected through a system of Proportional Representation (PR) to facilitate fair representation of diverse political perspectives within the socialist participatory democratic framework for national-level coordination. The specific parameters of the PR system, constituency delineations, and allocation of coordinating roles are defined by inter-communal agreements, aiming for proportionality and inclusivity in national coordination.
Section 100: Provincial Assembly Elections: Members of the Provincial Assembly are selected through a system of Proportional Representation within each province, ensuring representation of the diverse populations and interests within the province for provincial-level coordination. The specific details of the PR system and constituency arrangements are determined by provincial inter-communal agreements, consistent with confederal principles and guidelines.
Section 101: District and Subdistrict Council Elections: Members of District and Subdistrict Councils are selected through electoral systems designed to ensure local representation and accountability within district and subdistrict coordination. These systems may incorporate a combination of proportional representation and constituency-based representation, as determined by inter-communal agreements within the province, reflecting local conditions and preferences for district and subdistrict coordination.
Section 102: Community Assembly Representative Selection: Representatives for the Community Assembly are selected through a rotational sortition process, as detailed in Section 69, ensuring equitable and representative participation of the Muban’s populace in the assembly’s deliberative functions at the community level.
Part 4: Electoral Parties and Electoral Participation
Section 103: Political parties are permitted within the Socialist Republic of Thailand, operating under the principles of collectivism, egalitarianism, and direct participation, as stipulated in Section 26. Inter-communal agreements governing political parties ensure their adherence to these socialist principles and promote internal democracy, transparency, and accountability.
Section 104: Campaigning for elections is conducted in a manner that upholds the principles of socialist solidarity, mutual respect, and ethical conduct. Inter-communal agreements regulating election campaigns aim to ensure equitable engagement, prevent the undue influence of material wealth, and promote informed and reasoned electoral choices. Confederal resources, if allocated, may support equitable campaign opportunities for political parties and individuals, as defined by inter-communal agreements.
Section 105: The voluntary associations of communes facilitate and promote citizen participation in electoral processes at all levels of coordination. This includes voter education programs, accessible registration procedures, and measures to ensure that all eligible citizens are enabled to exercise their right to participate in voluntary representative selection.
Part 5: Electoral Disputes and Redress
Section 106: A transparent and accessible system for resolving electoral disputes is established through inter-communal agreements. This system provides mechanisms for contesting election outcomes, addressing electoral irregularities, and ensuring impartial adjudication of electoral grievances.
Section 107: Electoral disputes related to national elections and referendums are adjudicated by the Election Commission, where voluntarily established, with avenues for advisory review by the Constitutional Court as the final arbiter on constitutional matters pertaining to elections, upon voluntary request.
Section 108: Electoral disputes related to provincial, district, and subdistrict elections are resolved through mechanisms established by provincial inter-communal agreements, with potential avenues for voluntary appeal to the Provincial Courts of Justice or Administrative Courts, as contextually appropriate, and ultimately to the Supreme Court or Supreme Administrative Court for final judicial review, in accordance with Chapter VIII and inter-communal agreements.
Section 109: Disputes arising from Community Assembly processes for representative selection and participatory processes are resolved through mechanisms established by the Community Assembly itself, with potential voluntary recourse to District and Provincial administrative bodies for mediation or review in exceptional circumstances, as defined by inter-communal agreements.
Chapter XI: The National Assembly
Part 1: General Principles and Structure
Section 110: The National Assembly is established as a voluntary coordinating assembly within the Socialist Republic of Thailand, reflecting the free association of self-governing Community Assemblies and provincial administrations. In alignment with the principles of socialist participatory democracy, the National Assembly serves as a primary mechanism for confederal-level coordination and facilitation. Its purpose is to enhance voluntary cooperation amongst communes and provinces, ensuring that ultimate authority remains vested in the people through decentralized governance structures, as defined in Section 2 of Chapter I. The National Assembly shall be bicameral, comprising the Hall of the Sun, representing Community Assembly delegates, and the Hall of the Moon, representing provincial administration delegates. Each Hall possesses distinct yet complementary functions focused on confederal coordination.
Section 110: The National Assembly shall be structured into two Halls, constituted as follows:
- Hall of the Sun: The Hall of the Sun shall be the directly elected chamber of the National Assembly, consisting of six hundred (600) members elected nationally through a system of Proportional Representation (PR). These members are elected from national party lists, reflecting the diverse political perspectives within the socialist participatory democratic framework. The Hall of the Sun is intended to represent the collective will of the citizenry as expressed through national political discourse. Members of the Hall of the Sun shall serve a term of four years, with elections conducted nationally at least every four years as prescribed by inter-communal agreement.
- Hall of the Moon: The Hall of the Moon shall be the elected chamber of the National Assembly, consisting of two hundred and fifty (250) members also elected nationally through a system of Proportional Representation (PR). These members are elected from national party lists, mirroring the electoral system of the Hall of the Sun. Elections for the Hall of the Moon shall be conducted no sooner than six months and no later than one year following the election of the Hall of the Sun, as determined by inter-communal agreement. The Hall of the Moon is constituted to provide a chamber for deliberative scrutiny and to ensure diverse perspectives are considered in confederal coordination.
Part 2: Powers and Functions
Section 113: The National Assembly, as a voluntary coordinating body representing the aggregated will of the Community Assemblies and provincial administrations, shall exercise specific delegated coordinating functions within the confederal framework of Thailand. The functions of the National Assembly are limited to:
- Confederal Agreement Formulation: The function to formulate, amend, and repeal confederal agreements for the voluntary coordination of the Socialist Republic of Thailand. These agreements are to be consistent with the provisions of this Constitution and the fundamental principles of socialist participatory democracy, serving as frameworks for inter-communal and inter-provincial cooperation rather than centralized lawmaking.
- Budgetary Coordination: The function to deliberate and coordinate the national budget, ensuring its alignment with the decentralized, democratically planned economic strategy outlined in Chapter V. The budgetary process is to facilitate resource distribution to support the needs of the people, worker cooperatives, and community assemblies based on participatory planning inputs, operating as a mechanism for collective resource management rather than centralized fiscal control.
- Oversight of Confederal Coordination: The function to observe, review, and provide recommendations regarding the Council of Ministers and the Rotating Coordinator in the execution of their duties. This oversight is intended to ensure accountability and responsiveness to the needs of Community Assemblies and provincial administrations, utilizing mechanisms such as consultative periods, dialogues, and the establishment of review committees as defined by the procedural agreements of the National Assembly.
- Articulation of Citizen Perspectives: Serve as a primary forum for articulating the diverse perspectives of the Thai citizenry on matters of national coordination. Through its nationally elected members, the Hall of the Sun is intended to reflect the broad range of viewpoints within the Socialist Republic and ensure these perspectives are considered in confederal discussions.
- Review of Confederal Coordination Mechanisms: Exercise the power to hold government ministers, including the Prime Minister, accountable for the administration of the State, ensuring that the executive branch remains responsive to the will of the people and the National Assembly.
- Initiation of Confederal Discussions: Serve as a key body for initiating discussions and proposing agendas for confederal cooperation, particularly on matters concerning national-level policies, citizen rights within the confederal framework, and issues of broad public interest requiring inter-communal or inter-provincial coordination.
- Deliberative Scrutinity of Confederal Agreements: Undertake detailed scrutiny and refinement of proposed confederal agreements originating from the Hall of the Sun, ensuring alignment with national interests, constitutional principles, and the consensus of provincial administrations. The Hall of the Moon is intended to provide a chamber for considered review and improvement of confederal frameworks.
- Representative of Provincial Coordination Perspectives: Act as a key forum for articulating the perspectives of provincial administrations within the National Assembly. The Hall of the Moon is to ensure that the needs and standpoints of provincial administrations are duly considered in the formulation and revision of confederal agreements and coordination mechanisms.
- Deliberative Refinement and Facilitation of Consensus: Exercise the function of providing deliberative input and facilitating consensus-building on confederal agreements. The Hall of the Moon may propose revisions and facilitate dialogue to ensure that confederal frameworks are robust, well-considered, and broadly supported across the voluntary federation, serving as a mechanism for enhancing the quality of confederal cooperation.
Part 3: Internal Organization and Procedures
Section 117: The National Assembly shall be facilitated and administered by the following officers:
- Speaker of the National Assembly: The National Assembly shall select a Speaker from among its members, in accordance with its procedural agreements. The Speaker shall preside over joint sessions of the National Assembly, guide the overall procedures of the Assembly, and represent the National Assembly in its external communications and coordinative engagements. The Speaker may be a member of either the Hall of the Sun or the Hall of the Moon, as determined by the procedural agreements of the National Assembly.
- Facilitator of Diverse Perspectives: The National Assembly shall designate a Facilitator of Diverse Perspectives, selected from members of the Hall of the Sun who represent political perspectives not currently aligned with the majority viewpoint within the Assembly, as determined by the procedural agreements of the National Assembly. This Facilitator shall serve to ensure the inclusion of varied perspectives within confederal discussions and to provide a mechanism for internal dialogue and dialectical exchange within the National Assembly’s coordinative processes.
- Standing Committees: Each Hall, the Hall of the Sun and the Hall of the Moon, shall establish facilitative committees focused on various areas of confederal cooperation, as deemed necessary for the effective discharge of their coordinative duties. These facilitative committees shall be responsible for detailed review, refinement, and proposal of confederal agreements within their respective areas of focus.
- Joint Committees: The National Assembly may establish joint facilitative groups composed of members from both the Hall of the Sun and the Hall of the Moon to address matters of shared confederal concern or to facilitate resolution of differing perspectives arising between the two Halls.
- Constitutional Guarantees for Diverse Perspective Representation: The National Assembly shall ensure, through its procedural agreements, the representation of diverse perspectives on key facilitative committees, including, but not limited to, the Cross-Section Integration Facilitation Group (CSIFG) and the Regional Impact Deliberation Subgroup (RIDS), as established by the procedural agreements of the National Assembly. This provision is to ensure the inclusive and dialectical nature of coordinative deliberation.
- Procedural Agreements: Each Hall, the Hall of the Sun and the Hall of the Moon, shall establish its own procedural agreements, consistent with this Constitution, governing the conduct of its sessions, dialogues, facilitative processes, and all other internal operations.
- Transparency and Public Access: Proceedings of the National Assembly shall be conducted with transparency and openness to communal observation, consistent with principles of participatory democracy. Communal access to sessions shall be facilitated where practically possible, and records of proceedings, including confederal documents and summaries of dialogues, shall be publicly accessible. Digital platforms are to be utilized to enhance citizen engagement and access to information regarding the National Assembly’s coordinative work.
- Participatory Mechanisms for Citizen Input: The National Assembly shall integrate mechanisms to facilitate citizen input and feedback into its coordinative processes, in alignment with the principles of participatory democracy. These mechanisms may include provisions for communal consultations, digital feedback platforms, and the formal consideration of citizen initiatives originating from community assemblies and other decentralized democratic bodies, ensuring a responsive and participatory coordinative framework.
Section 120: Diverse perspectives within the National Assembly are formally recognized and constitutionally acknowledged as a vital and integral component of the democratic process within the coordinative assembly of the Socialist Republic of Thailand. Diverse perspectives shall function as an internal mechanism for dialectical engagement, ensuring robust scrutiny of proposed confederal agreements and providing alternative approaches within the coordinative process. The mechanisms for facilitation, engagement, and inclusion of diverse perspectives are constitutionally guaranteed to ensure their effectiveness in upholding democratic participation and informed coordination.
Section 121: The functions, mechanisms, and empowerment of diverse perspectives within the National Assembly shall be as follows:
- Facilitation of Alternative Proposals: The Facilitator of Diverse Perspectives shall be tasked with facilitating the articulation and presentation of alternative proposals on matters of confederal coordination, mirroring the structure of proposed agreements, to develop and present varied approaches across all areas of voluntary governance and to provide informed review of proposed coordinative initiatives.
- Mechanisms for Deliberation and Review: Mechanisms shall be in place to ensure diverse perspectives are considered through consultative periods in both the Hall of the Sun and the Hall of the Moon, to enable the instigation of review committees on proposed coordinative actions, and to ensure access to relevant documents and data necessary for informed analysis and effective deliberation from varied perspectives.
- Communal Engagement Mandate: Facilitation of diverse perspectives shall include a formalized role in engaging with Community Assemblies to present alternative proposals and gather communal input, including participation in Community Assembly Summits, direct interactions on the digital democracy platform, and the hosting of communal dialogues and public forums throughout the nation to ensure a broad range of viewpoints are considered.
- Participation in Economic Coordination Processes: Diverse perspectives shall have a formalized role in the annual national economic coordination dialogues, with the opportunity to present alternative economic coordination strategies and to provide critical analysis of proposed economic frameworks, ensuring a dialectical approach to economic planning.
- Dedicated Communal Resources and Support: Resources and support from the communal budget shall be allocated to facilitate the articulation and engagement of diverse perspectives, including staffing, facilitative resources, and access to expert consultation, as determined through inter-communal agreement, to ensure the capacity for well-considered alternative proposals and effective review of coordinative actions.
- Guaranteed Media Access: Diverse perspectives shall be ensured access to state-supported communal communication platforms and shall be afforded opportunities to present their viewpoints and alternative proposals to Community Assemblies, ensuring the citizenry has access to a range of perspectives on matters of confederal coordination.
- Deliberative Dialogue in Key Areasa: In certain key areas of confederal agreement, specifically including constitutional interpretations and fundamental shifts in economic coordination frameworks as defined by inter-communal agreement, mechanisms for enhanced deliberation and consensus-building shall be employed to ensure diverse perspectives are thoroughly considered and integrated into final agreements.
- Communal Consultative Mechanisms: Mechanisms for communal consultation on critical issues of national coordination shall be available, subject to inter-communal agreements and procedural safeguards designed to ensure responsible and effective utilization of these consultative processes.
- Equitable Access to Communal Information: The Facilitator of Diverse Perspectives, alongside the Speaker of the National Assembly, shall have equitable access to relevant communal information and briefings to ensure informed participation in national coordination and deliberative processes.
The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
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