Thailand to Australia | Hopeful

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To: <Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia> Owen From: <Sarabun@mfa.mail.go.th> Subject: Enhancement of the Bilateral Relationship Between Thailand and Australia Security Type: NSST 1.0 Architecture | Secret and Encrypted

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To the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia,

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Thailand extends its highest regard to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia and takes the honor of conveying the Government’s intent to deepen the foundation of our bilateral relations through mutual respect and shared aspirations.

Recognizing Australia’s pivotal role as a dynamic force in Oceania and the Pacific, Thailand is confident that a partnership rooted in equity and collective vision can advance a more just and harmonious Asia-Pacific. Such collaboration would stand as a testament to our shared dedication to human dignity and regional prosperity.

In this spirit, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs proposes that His Excellency Surin Pitsuwan, Director-General of the Department of ASEAN, Oceania, and Pacific Affairs, undertake an official visit to Australia. This visit would provide a valuable opportunity to engage in strategic and transparent dialogues aimed at strengthening our mutual cooperation in alignment with our common values.

The Ministry reiterates its profound appreciation for the Australian people, their vibrant culture, and their enduring contributions to global advancement. We anticipate your favorable response with great optimism and remain committed to fostering a partnership reflective of our shared ideals.

Sincerely,

Surin Pitsuwan
Director-General
Department of ASEAN, Oceania, and Pacific Affairs
Republic of Thailand

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Digital Diplomatic Communication​

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[Owen]

​

MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS​

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION: PROTECTED (ENCRYPTED)​

4 June 2005

Dear Mr. Pitsuwan, You are welcome to visit Australia anytime. Our door has always been open and will always remain open to dialogue. Unfortunately I am not currently in the country and high-level talks with the Prime Minister are not on the table currently but the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, The Honourable Senator Don Farrell is available for discussions. Don is a stalwart of the Australian Labor Party in the state of South Australia, hailing from the Labor Right faction and a big proponent of closer ties with Asia. He is a master of negotiations and charm, so I couldn't think of any better person to undertake these discussions. Yours sincerely, Kevin Rudd.

Parliament House, CANBERRA, ACT 2600 Telephone: (02) 6277 7700​

Protective Marking:	Business Impact Level:	Compromise of Information Confidentiality:	Required to be Encrypted:
UNOFFICIAL	No Business Impact	No damage. This information does not form part of official duty.
OFFICIAL	Low Business Impact	No or insignificant damage. This is the majority of routine information.
OFFICIAL: Sensitive	Low to Medium Business Impact	Limited damage to an individual, organisation or government generally if compromised.
PROTECTED	High Business Impact	Damage to the national interest, organisations or individuals.
SECRET	Extreme Business Impact	Serious damage to the national interest, organisations or individuals.
TOP SECRET	Catastrophic Business Impact	Exceptionally grave damage to the national interest, organisations or individuals.

Bossza007

 

[Bossza007]

Secret and Encrypted unless contextually possible. | NSST 1.0 Architecture​

A private, encrypted message zipped through digital channels from Thailand’s Department of ASEAN, Oceania, and Pacific Affairs to the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: Director-General Surin Pitsuwan’s official visit was confirmed. Leaving behind the warmth of his Bangkok home, where his wife and children bid him a quiet farewell, Surin stepped out into the pulsing energy of the city. Thailand’s world-class mass rapid transit system, a feat of engineering that moved 11.2 million passengers daily, swept him effortlessly toward Suvarnabhumi International Airport.

This mission was different. While Thai diplomacy often operated as a well-coordinated ensemble, Surin had chosen to fly solo. To him, this was more than a diplomatic errand—it was a personal commitment to honest, unfiltered dialogue. His decision carried a bold edge, reflecting the same determination that had marked his career.

At the airport, the chartered Airbus A320-200 gleamed under the floodlights, waiting to ferry him to Canberra. Every detail had been secured: active communication channels ensured a smooth and safe journey. As he boarded, his thoughts mirrored the hum of engines coming alive—focused, unrelenting, and ready for whatever lay ahead.

Owen​

 

[Owen]

Don Farrell, colloquially nicknamed 'The Godfather' or 'The Don' of the Australian Labor Party's South Australian Branch, would be waiting at the RAAF Base Fairbairn side of Canberra Airport for Mr. Pitsuwan, along with the Commander of No. 34 Squadron RAAF who was also the Base Commander for Fairbairn and assumably the Thai Ambassador to Australia. Once the aircraft made it across the Australian continent and landed at Canberra it would be instructed to taxi to the RAAF Base Fairbairn side. It would park alongside the VIP aircraft of No. 34 Squadron. Mr. Pitsuwan would be greeted by Mr. Farrell and he would take him through the VIP terminal and Border Force checks.

"Mr. Pitsuwan, thank you for coming down to Canberra today. It is greatly appreciated."

​

The motorcade, provided by COMCAR, would take them into Canberra via Pialligo Avenue, Morshead Drive and Kings Avenue. They would whizz down a ramp into an underground section of Parliament House which had a secure entrance for arriving motorcades. They would enter into Mr. Farrell's office and sit around a coffee table. Joining them in the office would be the Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Senator Joe Ludwig.

​

"Minister Ludwig is here because we once had discussions about entering into an agricultural agreement but that went no where so he is here to help out with that."

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[Bossza007]

Secret and Encrypted unless contextually possible. | NSST 1.0 Architecture​

Director-General Surin arrived at the RAAF Base Fairbairn side of Canberra Airport, where Parliamentary Secretary Don Farrell stood waiting with the Australian Commander of Fairbairn and the Thai Ambassador to Australia. Surin, always thorough, had pored over research on the "God Father"—a towering figure in the Australian Labor Right faction. Within his department, skepticism brewed over engaging someone who championed the Third Way—a position many democratic socialists lambasted as a betrayal of leftist ideals. But Surin, unruffled, had resolved to prioritize diplomacy, traveling alone to sidestep ideological entanglements. As Farrell extended a handshake, Surin reciprocated with professional grace. “Thank you, Mr. Farrell, for hosting me in Canberra. Thailand truly values this reception,” he said, his voice measured but firm. Together, they rode in a motorcade winding through Canberra’s orderly streets toward Parliament House’s subterranean levels.

Descending into the building, Surin couldn’t help comparing it to Thailand’s sprawling parliamentary complex. Here, underground spaces carried an air of precision and austerity—far from the expansive, sunlight-drenched halls he knew. In Farrell’s office, the scent of coffee mingled with polished wood. Surin exchanged greetings with Senator Joe Ludwig, the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, bowing slightly before taking his seat. The rich aroma of coffee grounded the moment as conversation began—a diplomatic dance against a backdrop of ideological contrasts.

“Yes, that’s how the latest meeting went, but let’s move to a broader topic today,” Surin began, leaning forward slightly. “What does Australia think about liberalizing our trade relations? At present, they’re virtually nonexistent. Thailand could import your raw materials at lower tariff rates, and in return, Australia could take some of our finished goods—carefully, of course, to avoid disrupting local industries. People are wary of trade these days, with all this talk of alter-globalization and protectionism,” he continued, his tone sharpening. “But instead of dodging the inevitable, why not reinforce what should already be in place? Unless, of course, you disagree.” With a quick, fluid motion, he slid his tablet across the table. “Here’s our export directory. Take a look—tell me what catches your interest.”

Surin paused, letting the silence hang before delivering his next point. “If tariff reductions feel too risky, we can always implement quotas. Honestly, though, Thailand’s economy is one of the most regulated in the world. There’s no way our exports’ price could outcompete your domestic goods unless your consumers actively wanted to try our indigenous innovations. We’re not here to flood your markets—we’re here to complement them.” His voice was calm, his words deliberate, but the spark in his eyes betrayed the calculated energy behind his pitch.

Owen​

 

[Owen]

Don was taken a back but the abrupt nature of Mr. Pitsuwan trying to pursue a economic relationship that Australia didn't even have with its closest allies.

"Well, I do agree that there is a lot of waryness these days of globalisation. I would have thought Thailand would fall under that category given your recent moves towards a Socialist Republic, keen to protect your own local industries and jobs from the "wrath of capitalism", so I am quite surprised your government wants to pursue this agenda. Australia is at the forefront of liberalised trade and we strongly advocate for it, all of our free trade agreements have been thoroughly thought through and specific to the country we are dealing with but also comprehensive.

At this point in time we only have a full free trade agreement with New Zealand and a partial one with the United Kingdom. We had proposed one with Singapore at a point in time when their government still existed, but that was never finalised. However given we do not even have full agreement with the United Kingdom or an agreement at all with the United States, we are hesitant to pursue such an agenda with Thailand. Our relationship simply is not sufficient enough to sign a free trade agreement. I do agree that it is probably inevitable that we see free trade right across the Asia-Pacific region, but at this point in time we need to take baby steps in our relationship rather than trying to rush things built on no foundation. An agreement with Korea or Japan would come before Thailand at this point in time. That's why we are open to hearing what you originally had proposed just for the agriculture sector at the last face-to-face meetings our governments had."

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[Bossza007]

Secret and Encrypted unless contextually possible. | NSST 1.0 Architecture​

Director-General Surin gave Farrell a measured nod, his expression betraying a flicker of approval. “You’re both correct and wrong,” he said, his tone edged with calm authority. “But I’m not here for an ideological debate. Thailand supports globalization, though not for the same reasons as Australia. Socialist theory offers... nuances.” His lips curved into a faint, enigmatic smile before he sipped his tea. “Anyway, let’s talk agriculture.” He set the cup down with precision. “Trading products isn’t the goal. Instead, we can collaborate on optimizing crop yields. Thailand has been pouring resources into Agri-Tech centers and Coastal Fisheries Development facilities. Our biodiversity—like yours—is unmatched, and we know you’re keen to ramp up R&D.”

His hand gestured lightly, as if tracing an idea in the air. “We should start small: an academic exchange for scientists to work in each other’s facilities. Language won’t be a barrier—most Thais can speak British English—but,” his eyes twinkled, “we may need help with your accent.” Another sip. His expression softened, almost conspiratorial. “Honestly, I’m glad Australia’s so stable. Makes my department meetings dull, though,” he added, the wry edge of his humor breaking through like sunlight on a cloudy day.

Owen​

 

[Owen]

Joe Ludwig would speak.

"The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry does maintain many agencies under its umbrella that deal with agricultural research and development. These include the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Agrifutures Australia, Australian Eggs, Australian Grape and Wine Authority, Australian Pork, Cotton Research and Development Corporation, Dairy Australia, Fisheries Research and Development Corporation,Forest and Wood Products Australia, Grains Research and Development Corporation, Meat and Livestock Australia and Sugar Research Australia. Of course we're open to collaborations but they do need to be tightly controlled and negotiated as we wouldn't want our research secrets getting revealed and potentially losing our edge in any of those markets. We're also eager to have our Trade and Market Access Division establish a posting at the Australian Embassy in Bangkok."

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Secret and Encrypted unless contextually possible. | NSST 1.0 Architecture​

“Yes, such cooperation would be ideal, Mr. Farrell. If we are to formalize this into an agreement, I’d prefer your team handle it, as I’m here alone.” Surin chuckled lightly. “That said, Thailand adopts a different approach to research and development. While I fully respect your position that research conducted in Australian facilities must remain confidential and tightly regulated, Thailand follows a contrasting philosophy.” He paused, his gaze steady. “Over the past year, our economy and productive assets have been entirely collectivized. Our domestic ecosystems have moved beyond capitalist frameworks. No offense to your country’s system, of course. Marxism recognizes the advancements brought by capitalism, even as we strive to transcend it.” He sipped his tea, his tone measured. “As part of our policy to democratize knowledge, all findings in our facilities are made public. Intellectual property here is governed by copyleft laws. Therefore, I suggest clarifying Australia’s specific terms regarding research and development conducted within its facilities.”

Turning to the embassy arrangement, Surin replied, “I don’t personally oppose Australia establishing the Trade and Market Access Division within its Bangkok embassy. However, I do have reservations about how our countries can create an accessible framework and the necessary resources for your employees to work effectively here.” He placed the tablet down momentarily. “As you know, it’s been four months since we stopped using traditional currency in our domestic ‘market.’ I imagine you’re aware that when we say ‘market,’ we’re not necessarily speaking the same language.” He smiled faintly before continuing. “Thailand has an intense commitment to democracy—some might even call it an obsession—and every decision here is made through collective deliberation. While we enjoy vibrant trade relations with many countries, our system operates differently. Some refer to it as ‘globalization from below.’ When we trade, it’s based on equal resource exchange.” Surin’s tone grew slightly more serious. “I recommend Australia recruits staff who are highly adaptable and patient, as they’ll need to navigate our rigorous democratic processes. For instance, they’ll have to persuade local community officials why Australian products should be stocked and made redeemable with labor tokens.”

Owen​

 

[Owen]

Joe Ludwig would slide the proposed agreement on agriculture over to Mr. Pitsuwan.

Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Thailand on Co-operation in Agriculture

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF THAILAND ON CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE​

THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF THAILAND, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the significance of food production for the people of both countries and of the world; DESIROUS of applying modern knowledge and technology in the field of agricultural production; CONVINCED that co-operation in the field of agriculture would facilitate the further development of relations generally between the two countries; AIMING to develop further the exchange of notes on Co-operation in Agriculture concluded in Canberra on 2 December 2003; HAVE AGREED as follows:

Article I​

The Contracting Parties shall develop and implement co-operation in the field of agriculture on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.

Article II​

The Contracting Parties shall promote the development of co-operation in the following main areas: (1) Regular exchange of information on actual planted areas, on volumes of production and procurement of major agricultural products in the form of annual totals as well as targets or forecasts of agricultural production for the current year and current five-year period.​ ​ (2) Plant science, plant breeding, nutrition and protection from diseases and pests.​ ​ (3) Animal science, livestock improvement and production, fodder production and veterinary science.​ ​ (4) Soil science.​ ​ (5) Land improvement and reclamation and reclamation engineering.​ ​ (6) Use of agricultural chemicals.​ ​ (7) Processing, storage, transport and preservation of animal and plant products.​ ​ (8) Forestry.​ ​ (9) Agricultural economics.​ Other areas of co-operation may be mutually decided upon.

Article III​

Co-operation between the Contracting Parties, as outlined in the previous Article, shall take the following forms: (1) Exchange of scientists, specialists and trainees.​ ​ (2) Organization of bilateral symposia and conferences.​ ​ (3) Exchange of scientific, technical and economic information and documentary material.​ ​ (4) Exchange of seed samples, plant material, micro-organic cultures and veterinary preparations.​ ​ (5) Joint research and implementation of activities on problems of mutual interest.​ Other forms of co-operation may be mutually decided upon.

Article IV​

1. To implement the present Agreement, a joint Australian-Thai working group on co-operation in agriculture shall be established. The joint working group shall meet normally once every two years, alternately in Australia and Thailand, if not otherwise agreed. 2. The joint working group shall review and approve specific projects and programs of co-operation, establish the order of their implementation, and determine the institutions and organisations responsible for the implementation of joint measures of co-operation. 3. The Executive Bodies for the co-ordination and implementation of the present Agreement are: for the Government of Australia - the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, and for the Government of the Socialist Republic of Thailand - the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 4. The Executive Bodies shall facilitate, in their respective countries, and to the extent that their powers and functions permit, the co-operation of other institutions and organisations in the implementation of co-operation under the present Agreement. 5. In the period between the meetings of the joint working group, the Executive Bodies shall maintain contact with each other, co-ordinate and supervise co-operation undertaken in accordance with the present Agreement.

Article V​

1. The Contracting Parties shall, for the purposes of the present Agreement and to the extent that their functions permit, promote, facilitate and direct the development of co-operation between appropriate organisations of the two countries, including the conclusion of working arrangements and commercial agreements of a contractual nature relating to the implementation of specific projects and activities in accordance with the present Agreement. The financial and legal conditions of implementation of such working arrangements and commercial agreements of a contractual nature shall be considered and agreed to in each specific case. 2. Co-operation under the present Agreement shall be carried out in accordance with the laws and regulations in force in each country.

Article VI​

The costs of participation by the Contracting Parties in co-operative activities carried out under the present Agreement shall be borne as follows: (1) The exchange of scientists and specialists shall normally be organized on the basis that travel from one country to the other is paid for by the sending side, and the costs of accommodation, board and travel in the country are met by the receiving side.​ ​ (2) The receiving side shall, as necessary, provide interpreters for scientists and other delegates of the sending side.​ ​ (3) The exchange of scientific and technical information, seed samples, plant material, micro-organic cultures and veterinary preparations, shall take place on a non-commercial basis.​

Article VII​

Nothing in the present Agreement shall be construed as being contrary to or amending any agreements in force between the Contracting Parties.

Article VIII​

1. The present Agreement shall enter into force from the date of its signature, shall remain in force for an initial period of five years, and shall be considered valid unless the Government of either Party receives written notice from the other Party of its intention to terminate the Agreement. In this case the Agreement shall be terminated six months from the receipt of such notice. 2. The present Agreement may be amended by mutual agreement of the Parties. 3. The present Agreement may be supplemented by mutual arrangement of the Parties. 4. The termination of the present Agreement shall not affect the validity of the working arrangements concluded in accordance with the present Agreement between institutions, organisations and firms of both countries.

DONE at Canberra on 16th June 2005 in duplicate, in the English and Central Thai languages, each text being equally authentic.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA: [Signed:]​	FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF THAILAND: [Signed:]​

Don would speak up again.

"Thailand is entitled to do as it wishes internally. But of course trade and cooperation with the outside world needs to be done on mutual terms. Having a competitive edge in an export market is something we strive for, rather than giving our competitors an advantage in terms of a research and development. For Australia and Thailand, this would be mainly in the fisheries space as our differing climates mean that we do not share many similarities in land-based agriculture, though we do have a strong sugarcane, Banana and Mango sector in Northern Australia.

When it comes to these labor tokens, whatever they may be, that does throw a spanner in the works for any free trade agreement. Obviously Australian businesses would prefer to be paid for their exports, in U.S. dollars preferably. I'm not sure they're going to be too happy to export to Thailand if they were being paid in labor tokens. Could you elaborate further on how those work with international trade?"

Bossza007

 

[Bossza007]

Secret and Encrypted unless contextually possible. | NSST 1.0 Architecture​

Surin took the proposed agreement document and read it carefully before speaking. “This is a fair and beneficial agreement, Mr. Ludwig. I have no objections to the language of this treaty.” He returned the document, ready to sign if requested by the Australian side. Then, he explained how Thailand’s dual-track economy operates.

“It’s not difficult to grasp, though the mechanisms behind it can be complex. However, they won’t interfere significantly with crafting a free trade agreement. For instance, Australian businesspeople won’t be paid in labor tokens—that system is strictly domestic and based on the principle of ‘to each according to their contribution.’ All of Thailand’s trading partners are paid in U.S. Dollars. The key difference lies in how you secure a place for your goods in our country.” He paused briefly, gathering his thoughts. “Consider our distribution centers. They’re somewhat similar to Australian supermarkets, but there are crucial distinctions. In Australia, a business typically negotiates with a supermarket manager or the board of a parent company to supply goods. Here, each distribution center is governed by a local community assembly. These assemblies ensure a consistent stock of goods that can be redeemed by local residents.”

Sutin’s expression grew serious. “After customs clearance, foreign businesses must persuade these elected administrators that stocking their goods benefits the local population. If an agreement is reached, the goods’ prices are calculated based on the global average for similar products—unless, of course, the business can scientifically justify a higher price.” He concluded with a thoughtful nod.

Owen​

 

[Owen]

Joe Ludwig would place his signature on the agreement where it says "For the Government of Australia".

"And how exactly are your trading partners being paid in U.S. dollars if currency has been removed from circulating in your economy? Where are these U.S. dollars coming from? Are you maintaining a very rigorous balance of payments in that you have U.S. dollars coming in for your exports and then you need to pay the precise amount for your imports?"

Bossza007

 

[Bossza007]

Secret and Encrypted unless contextually possible. | NSST 1.0 Architecture​

Surin signed his name where it read “For the Government of Thailand.” Then, he elaborated on the workings of the dual-economic system. “What you described is one of the ways we bring new U.S. Dollars into our economy, as Thailand maintains a relatively large trade surplus. Another method involves direct foreign investment, where investors from allied nations leverage our advanced technology and manufacturing to test their business ideas.” He paused briefly, ensuring his explanation was clear. “When we stopped using traditional currency, we didn’t simply burn all the money. Instead, we reached a national consensus to centralize all circulating domestic capital through the Bank of Thailand. These reserves act as a guarantor, ensuring the stability of our domestic ecosystem.” Surin offered a reassuring smile. “Thailand’s high credit rating, as confirmed by French auditors, gives Australian businesses confidence that payments will be timely and complete. With more new capital flowing into the country than old capital leaving, Thailand remains a stable and reliable trading partner.”

After taking another sip of tea, Surin leaned forward slightly. “So, does Australia still wish to establish its division at the Bangkok Embassy? At present, we’ve liberalized trade with three active partners: France, India, and Portugal. Discussions with Japan, China, and Iran are nearing conclusion, while preliminary talks with Britain and Sweden, two of the world’s largest economies, show promising potential.” He paused briefly, his smile warm and encouraging. “I assure you, trading with Thailand opens doors to numerous opportunities for Australia—connections that could lead to significant growth and collaboration.”

Owen​

 

[Owen]

"Well the Department for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry is eager to move its Jakarta post within the Trade and Market Access Division to Bangkok. That's not an agreement for free trade, but rather that representatives from my Department will be accessible in Bangkok at our embassy for local Thai importers to have contact with." Joe Ludwig would reply.

Don would reply also.

"Given Thailand's prominent position within Southeast Asia I think the government is willing to relocate a majority of its embassy staff in Jakarta to Bangkok, which come from many departments besides just Foreign Affairs and Trade, including Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Defence and the Australian Federal Police. Many government departments and agencies have vested interests in maintaining direct links to Southeast Asia, which historically we have done through Jakarta due to the size of Indonesia and the importance of Indonesia to Australia. That importance has declined in recent years and now Thailand is the key player in the region. This may mean we will need to invest in some capital works at our Bangkok embassy and require the appropriate regulatory permissions."

Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Thailand on Co-operation in Agriculture

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF THAILAND ON CO-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE​

THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF THAILAND, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the significance of food production for the people of both countries and of the world; DESIROUS of applying modern knowledge and technology in the field of agricultural production; CONVINCED that co-operation in the field of agriculture would facilitate the further development of relations generally between the two countries; AIMING to develop further the exchange of notes on Co-operation in Agriculture concluded in Canberra on 2 December 2003; HAVE AGREED as follows:

Article I​

The Contracting Parties shall develop and implement co-operation in the field of agriculture on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.

Article II​

The Contracting Parties shall promote the development of co-operation in the following main areas: (1) Regular exchange of information on actual planted areas, on volumes of production and procurement of major agricultural products in the form of annual totals as well as targets or forecasts of agricultural production for the current year and current five-year period.​ ​ (2) Plant science, plant breeding, nutrition and protection from diseases and pests.​ ​ (3) Animal science, livestock improvement and production, fodder production and veterinary science.​ ​ (4) Soil science.​ ​ (5) Land improvement and reclamation and reclamation engineering.​ ​ (6) Use of agricultural chemicals.​ ​ (7) Processing, storage, transport and preservation of animal and plant products.​ ​ (8) Forestry.​ ​ (9) Agricultural economics.​ Other areas of co-operation may be mutually decided upon.

Article III​

Co-operation between the Contracting Parties, as outlined in the previous Article, shall take the following forms: (1) Exchange of scientists, specialists and trainees.​ ​ (2) Organization of bilateral symposia and conferences.​ ​ (3) Exchange of scientific, technical and economic information and documentary material.​ ​ (4) Exchange of seed samples, plant material, micro-organic cultures and veterinary preparations.​ ​ (5) Joint research and implementation of activities on problems of mutual interest.​ Other forms of co-operation may be mutually decided upon.

Article IV​

1. To implement the present Agreement, a joint Australian-Thai working group on co-operation in agriculture shall be established. The joint working group shall meet normally once every two years, alternately in Australia and Thailand, if not otherwise agreed. 2. The joint working group shall review and approve specific projects and programs of co-operation, establish the order of their implementation, and determine the institutions and organisations responsible for the implementation of joint measures of co-operation. 3. The Executive Bodies for the co-ordination and implementation of the present Agreement are: for the Government of Australia - the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, and for the Government of the Socialist Republic of Thailand - the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 4. The Executive Bodies shall facilitate, in their respective countries, and to the extent that their powers and functions permit, the co-operation of other institutions and organisations in the implementation of co-operation under the present Agreement. 5. In the period between the meetings of the joint working group, the Executive Bodies shall maintain contact with each other, co-ordinate and supervise co-operation undertaken in accordance with the present Agreement.

Article V​

1. The Contracting Parties shall, for the purposes of the present Agreement and to the extent that their functions permit, promote, facilitate and direct the development of co-operation between appropriate organisations of the two countries, including the conclusion of working arrangements and commercial agreements of a contractual nature relating to the implementation of specific projects and activities in accordance with the present Agreement. The financial and legal conditions of implementation of such working arrangements and commercial agreements of a contractual nature shall be considered and agreed to in each specific case. 2. Co-operation under the present Agreement shall be carried out in accordance with the laws and regulations in force in each country.

Article VI​

The costs of participation by the Contracting Parties in co-operative activities carried out under the present Agreement shall be borne as follows: (1) The exchange of scientists and specialists shall normally be organized on the basis that travel from one country to the other is paid for by the sending side, and the costs of accommodation, board and travel in the country are met by the receiving side.​ ​ (2) The receiving side shall, as necessary, provide interpreters for scientists and other delegates of the sending side.​ ​ (3) The exchange of scientific and technical information, seed samples, plant material, micro-organic cultures and veterinary preparations, shall take place on a non-commercial basis.​

Article VII​

Nothing in the present Agreement shall be construed as being contrary to or amending any agreements in force between the Contracting Parties.

Article VIII​

1. The present Agreement shall enter into force from the date of its signature, shall remain in force for an initial period of five years, and shall be considered valid unless the Government of either Party receives written notice from the other Party of its intention to terminate the Agreement. In this case the Agreement shall be terminated six months from the receipt of such notice. 2. The present Agreement may be amended by mutual agreement of the Parties. 3. The present Agreement may be supplemented by mutual arrangement of the Parties. 4. The termination of the present Agreement shall not affect the validity of the working arrangements concluded in accordance with the present Agreement between institutions, organisations and firms of both countries.

DONE at Canberra on 16th June 2005 in duplicate, in the English and Central Thai languages, each text being equally authentic.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA: [Signed:]​	FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF THAILAND: [Signed:]​
JOSEPH W. LUDWIG​	SURIN A.H.B.I PITSUWAN​

Bossza007

 

[Bossza007]

Secret and Encrypted unless contextually possible. | NSST 1.0 Architecture​

Surin nodded in agreement with the Australian officials. “Yes, that would be ideal. It allows our local elected councils to initiate the import process if democratic deliberations conclude that residents wish to redeem Australian products.” He paused, his expression softening as he considered the implications. “I’m glad Australia is committing to relocate a significant diplomatic presence from Jakarta to Bangkok. Beyond the practical benefits, this move will be seen by the Republic Government as a deeply symbolic realignment, and I preemptively convey our sincere appreciation.” He placed his tablet on his knee, his tone steady. “Regulation might be complex, but it is essential for the security of any diplomatic mission. I trust our authorities have provided accessible resources and guidelines to facilitate this process.”

Surin leaned back slightly. “Mr. Farrell, Mr. Ludwig, we’ve achieved significant milestones today, laying the groundwork for deeper engagement between our nations—a vision I have championed since becoming the Republic’s first Foreign Minister. With both sides clear on the next steps, this is a good point to conclude. It will allow each of us time to implement what we’ve agreed upon.” If no further points were raised by the Australian side, he would rise, extending a firm and appreciative handshake.

Owen​

 

[Owen]

"We do wish to establish more of a relationship while we are here. While defence and trade ties will take time to develop, we can establish relations on the lower level, which we have done through our agricultural agreement. We'd also like to propose a cultural agreement." Don would say.

Joe would also speak.

"We'd also like to deepen agricultural co-operation on a different level. As Australia is a net exporter of beef and as Thailand is a net importer of beef, we'd like to establish a Thailand-Australia Partnership on Food Security in the Red Meat and Cattle Sector. It will be a joint cooperation to support food security in the red meat and cattle sectors and access to the global supply chain for red meat and cattle products through trade and investment environment."

Bossza007

 

[Bossza007]

Secret and Encrypted unless contextually possible. | NSST 1.0 Architecture​

Surin responded with a slight nod. “Our Department is always eager to build a strong working relationship with Australia,” he began, his tone steady yet welcoming. Adjusting his posture, he signaled that the meeting was far from over. “Are you suggesting a cultural exchange agreement? Thailand offers Australian citizens a wealth of opportunities to immerse themselves in our diverse cultural heritage.” He paused briefly, as if reflecting. “Since the revolution in 1998, we’ve embarked on a profound ‘cultural revolution,’ inspired by our interpretation of socialist theories. This transformation blends our traditional customs with new, progressive cultural practices. The Ministry of Culture has compiled a detailed document highlighting these exchange opportunities. They provide exposure to both the enduring beauty of our traditions and the evolving aspects of our socialist culture.” Sliding his tablet across the table, Surin added, “Here is the document in question.” The screen displayed the title Cultural Exchange Opportunities in Thailand in bold, ready to explore.

“I agree with the overall spirit of this arrangement on food security in the red meat and cattle sectors,” Surin began, his tone measured. “However, as Thailand is a net exporter of agricultural and fishery products, excluding animal meats, it is important to note our aspiration for self-sufficiency across all these areas. While we welcome trade and investment opportunities with Australia, one of our primary goals in joining this treaty is to enhance our red meat and cattle production. This will ensure resilience in the face of potential market instability and align with our broader strategy of reducing reliance on global nutrition supply chains wherever feasible.”

Owen​

 

[Owen]

Don Farrell would slide over the Cultural Agreement.

"More on a mutual terms basis and with no references to Socialism or politics of the likes. Simply exchanging the culture of Australia and the culture of Thailand."

Cultural Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of Thailand

CULTURAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THAILAND​

THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THAILAND, RECOGNISING that the peoples of Australia and Thailand should have a deeper understanding of the history, culture and character of each other, CONSCIOUS of the co-operation now existing between the two countries in a wide variety of fields, DESIRING to further strengthen the bonds of friendship between the two peoples, and to promote mutual understanding and knowledge on the widest possible scale through the development of their cultural and social relations. HAVE AGREED as follows:

Article 1​

Each Government undertakes to promote better understanding in its country of the history, culture and institutions of the other country. To this end, each Government shall encourage and assist co-operation in the fields of: (a) literature, music, crafts, visual and performing arts, and other activities of a cultural nature;​ ​ (b) education and research;​ ​ (c) anthropological studies;​ ​ (d) science and technology;​ ​ (e) mass media;​ ​ (f) social and youth activities; and​ ​ (g) tourism.​

Article 2​

The two Governments shall encourage visits and facilitate exchange between the two countries of: (a) experts in cultural, social, artistic, literary and educational fields;​ ​ (b) scholars, students, researchers and trainees;​ ​ (c) representatives of professional, social welfare, women's and youth organisations;​ ​ (d) sportsmen, sporting teams and coaches; and​ ​ (e) representatives from related fields which the two Governments consider would fall within the framework of this Agreement.​

Article 3​

The two Governments shall encourage the development of relations between academic bodies, universities, scientific, technological and research institutions, professional associations and other institutions of culture and learning of their respective countries.

Article 4​

The two Governments shall co-operate in the exchange of information on standards and developments of their respective educational systems to assist in the interpretation and evaluation of degrees, diplomas and certificates, for academic purposes and where appropriate, for professional purposes.

Article 5​

Each Government shall encourage in educational institutions and elsewhere in its own country the teaching of the language, literature, history, geography, economics, culture and other aspects of the life of the other country and the teaching of its own language and culture in the other country. Each Government shall encourage in its own country the translation of works of special distinction of the other country.

Article 6​

Each Government may maintain cultural institutions in the territory of the other country with the concurrence and in accordance with the laws and regulations of that country.

Article 7​

The two Governments shall promote and facilitate: (a) the exchange of scientific knowledge between the two countries;​ ​ (b) direct contact between scientists and scientific organisations of their countries; and​ ​ (c) the attendance by experts of each country at conferences, seminars, and other meetings held in the country of the other.​

Article 8​

The two Governments shall facilitate within their countries the supply and distribution of books, publications, educational materials, films, recordings, video tapes, professional brochures, and literary and artistic works which may foster the purposes of this Agreement. The two Governments shall encourage co-operation between the press, radio, film and television services of the two countries for the purposes of this Agreement, and shall facilitate and promote exchanges of mass media representatives.

Article 9​

The two Governments shall facilitate and promote visits by tourists and experts on tourism between the two countries. For the purposes of tourist promotion between the two countries, the Thai Government may establish a national tourist office in Australia. Subject to the laws and regulations in force in each country the two Governments shall facilitate the introduction of exhibition materials and the supply and distribution of tourist promotional materials.

Article 10​

The two Governments shall co-operate to give effect to the purposes of this Agreement and shall consult each other when necessary on matters of detail and additional arrangements. In addition, representatives of the two Governments shall meet at least once every two years, alternately in Thailand and Australia, to discuss and assess the implementation of this Agreement.

Article 11​

This Agreement shall come into force on signature and shall remain in force until the 180th day after the day on which one Government shall have given to the other, notice in writing, through the diplomatic channel of its desire to terminate the Agreement.

IN WITNESS THEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto by their respective Governments, have signed the present Agreement. DONE in duplicate at Canberra this eighteenth day of June in the two thousand and fifth year of the Christian Era, corresponding to two thousand five hundred and forty-ninth year of the Buddhist Era in the English and Central Thai languages, both texts being equally authoritative.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA: [Signed:]​	FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THAILAND: [Signed:]​

Joe Ludwig would slide over the Thailand-Australia Partnership on Food Security in the Red Meat and Cattle Sector in the form of a Joint Communique.

Thailand-Australia Partnership on Food Security

Thailand-Australia Partnership on Food Security​

COMMUNIQUÉ 18 June 2005​

The purpose of the Partnership is to synergise Australian and Thai strengths and potentials in order to develop the Thai cattle sector and improve prospects for long term investment and trade in red meat and cattle in Thailand as part of a globally competitive supply chain. The Partnership’s governance and administrative arrangements are agreed through a Terms of Reference (Attachment A). The Partnership will provide a bilateral mechanism to bring together well-recognised and established industry figures and government officials from Thailand and Australia associated with the red meat and cattle sector and business and investment community. The intent of the Partnership is to; Underpin Thailand’s food security by improving the long-term sustainability, productivity and competitiveness of Indonesia's cattle sector; Strengthen Thailand-Australia bilateral business, investment and trade ties, and supporting closer engagement with the red meat and cattle sector; Support the bilateral exchange of expertise, capacity building and technical assistance related to the red meat and cattle sector; Build and improve understanding and the effectiveness and efficiency of cooperation between parties by establishing regular meetings between governments and the red meat and cattle sector from both Thailand and Australia. It will improve prospects for long term investment and trade in red meat and cattle between Thailand and Australia and provide strategically focused advice and recommendations on areas of priority investment and agricultural cooperation. Australia will provide a 10-year $10 million non-Official Development Assistance funding, to be administered by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Projects to be funded under the $10 million will be developed collaboratively with Thailand through the Partnership initiative. Both parties discussed and agreed to a number of early harvest programs to be funded through the assistance package, including: Thailand-Australia Commercial Cattle Breeding Program. Thailand-Australia Pastoral Industry Student Program. The Partnership's Internship Program. The Northern Territory Cattleman’s Association Skills Development Program. A skills development program proposed by the Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Parties engaged in a policy dialogue on commercial opportunities in the red meat and cattle sectors of Thailand and Australia and agreed to provide to the next meeting a report covering priority areas for action that the Partnership, detailing what industry can do by itself and where governments can assist. Both also agreed to a process to select several other investment related projects covering the supply chain for consideration at the first meeting.

Attachment A: Strategic Framework​

Purpose of the Strategic Framework This document articulates the expected outcomes of the Partnership, and how the Partnership funds will contribute to those outcomes. Purpose, objecves and outcomes of the Partnership The Partnership Terms of Reference state the following purpose and objectives:

Purpose​

To synergise Australian and Thai strengths and potential in order to develop the Thai cattle sector and improve joint competitiveness and prospects for long term investment and trade between Thailand and Australia as part of a globally competitive supply chain in red meat and cattle.

Objectives​

1. Underpinning Thailand’s food security by improving the long-term sustainability, productivity and competitiveness of Indonesia's cattle sector. 2. Strengthening Thailand-Australia bilateral business, investment and trade ties, and supporting closer engagement with the red meat and cattle sector. 3. Supporting the bilateral exchange of expertise, capacity building and technical assistance related to the red meat and cattle sector. 4. Building and improving understanding and the effectiveness and efficiency of cooperation between parties by establishing regular meetings between governments and the red meat and cattle sector from both Thailand and Australia.

From the purpose and objectives, the following measurable outcomes have been distilled, and funding assigned to each one:

Outcome:	Description:	Funding:
Outcome 1	Effective linkages exist between Thailand and Australia at the levels of government, industry and enterprise in the sector.	Linkages Fund
Outcome 2	Those working in the sector have the skills needed to support a productive red meat and cattle industry.	Skills Fund
Outcome 3	The Thai and Australian governments have access to quality policy analysis to inform policy and investment.	Research Fund
Outcome 4	Potential advances in the supply chain are identified and where agreed tested, with the lessons used to inform policy.	Pilot Fund

Partnership Funds​

While the main role of the Partnership is to recommend policy and behaviour change of the relevant actors in the supply chain, it does have a small annual allocation of funds which can be used where the Partnership is in a unique position to assist. These funds have been broken into four categories of assistance: Linkages Fund The Linkages Fund will be used to support exchanges to create greater understanding between the Thai and Australian governments, industries and enterprises, of the relevant constraints and opportunities that are present in the sector. Skills Fund The Skills Fund will be dedicated to improving the capacity of Thais working in the red meat and cattle sector, including through training programs in Australia and in Thailand. Research Fund The Research Fund will be used by the Partnership to commission discrete pieces of research and analysis that will identify opportunities for overcoming impediments to the growth of the sector. This analysis could inform policy recommendations or investment ideas. Pilot Fund The Pilot Fund will be used to test commercial ideas, to encourage investment in the sector.

Role of the Partnership Members​

At their biannual meengs, the Partnership members will use relevant research findings and policy analysis to increase joint understanding and to identify opportunities for overcoming challenges impeding the growth of the sector. The Partnership members will also discuss ideas or concepts aimed at developing a commercially viable and sustainable supply chain and may recommend discrete areas of commercial investment, skills development, linkage building and research which may help to provide a solution. The Australian Government will then facilitate the funding or co‑funding, detailed design, reporting and evaluation of endorsed projects.

Bossza007

 

[Bossza007]

Secret and Encrypted unless contextually possible. | NSST 1.0 Architecture​

Surin raised his eyebrows, a blend of surprise and subtle admiration flickering across his face. “Wow,” he remarked with a wry smile, “I came with just a tablet, and here you all are, fully prepared with these documents.” He chuckled softly, scanning the agreements laid before him. “These are well-crafted,” he continued, his tone reflective. “I must admit, I’m curious when you found the time to draft them, but perhaps some mysteries are best left unsolved.” His pen hovered briefly over the page before he signed with a deliberate flourish. “Although,” Surin added, his gaze flicking to one line, “I noticed the first bullet point mentioned Indonesia instead of Thailand. Just a small oversight, but overall, I genuinely appreciate the effort your team put into this.” Leaning back slightly, he smiled. “This meeting has achieved far more than I initially expected. That’s not to say we weren’t committed to building ties with Australia, but I hadn’t anticipated such a reciprocal effort on your part.”

Owen​

 

[Owen]

"Look dealing with Mr. Rudd can be a bit of a challenge sometimes. Short-tempered Queenslander." Don would say.

They would sign both agreements and hand them back with the minor edits.

Cultural Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of Thailand

CULTURAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THAILAND​

THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THAILAND, RECOGNISING that the peoples of Australia and Thailand should have a deeper understanding of the history, culture and character of each other, CONSCIOUS of the co-operation now existing between the two countries in a wide variety of fields, DESIRING to further strengthen the bonds of friendship between the two peoples, and to promote mutual understanding and knowledge on the widest possible scale through the development of their cultural and social relations. HAVE AGREED as follows:

Article 1​

Each Government undertakes to promote better understanding in its country of the history, culture and institutions of the other country. To this end, each Government shall encourage and assist co-operation in the fields of: (a) literature, music, crafts, visual and performing arts, and other activities of a cultural nature;​ ​ (b) education and research;​ ​ (c) anthropological studies;​ ​ (d) science and technology;​ ​ (e) mass media;​ ​ (f) social and youth activities; and​ ​ (g) tourism.​

Article 2​

The two Governments shall encourage visits and facilitate exchange between the two countries of: (a) experts in cultural, social, artistic, literary and educational fields;​ ​ (b) scholars, students, researchers and trainees;​ ​ (c) representatives of professional, social welfare, women's and youth organisations;​ ​ (d) sportsmen, sporting teams and coaches; and​ ​ (e) representatives from related fields which the two Governments consider would fall within the framework of this Agreement.​

Article 3​

The two Governments shall encourage the development of relations between academic bodies, universities, scientific, technological and research institutions, professional associations and other institutions of culture and learning of their respective countries.

Article 4​

The two Governments shall co-operate in the exchange of information on standards and developments of their respective educational systems to assist in the interpretation and evaluation of degrees, diplomas and certificates, for academic purposes and where appropriate, for professional purposes.

Article 5​

Each Government shall encourage in educational institutions and elsewhere in its own country the teaching of the language, literature, history, geography, economics, culture and other aspects of the life of the other country and the teaching of its own language and culture in the other country. Each Government shall encourage in its own country the translation of works of special distinction of the other country.

Article 6​

Each Government may maintain cultural institutions in the territory of the other country with the concurrence and in accordance with the laws and regulations of that country.

Article 7​

The two Governments shall promote and facilitate: (a) the exchange of scientific knowledge between the two countries;​ ​ (b) direct contact between scientists and scientific organisations of their countries; and​ ​ (c) the attendance by experts of each country at conferences, seminars, and other meetings held in the country of the other.​

Article 8​

The two Governments shall facilitate within their countries the supply and distribution of books, publications, educational materials, films, recordings, video tapes, professional brochures, and literary and artistic works which may foster the purposes of this Agreement. The two Governments shall encourage co-operation between the press, radio, film and television services of the two countries for the purposes of this Agreement, and shall facilitate and promote exchanges of mass media representatives.

Article 9​

The two Governments shall facilitate and promote visits by tourists and experts on tourism between the two countries. For the purposes of tourist promotion between the two countries, the Thai Government may establish a national tourist office in Australia. Subject to the laws and regulations in force in each country the two Governments shall facilitate the introduction of exhibition materials and the supply and distribution of tourist promotional materials.

Article 10​

The two Governments shall co-operate to give effect to the purposes of this Agreement and shall consult each other when necessary on matters of detail and additional arrangements. In addition, representatives of the two Governments shall meet at least once every two years, alternately in Thailand and Australia, to discuss and assess the implementation of this Agreement.

Article 11​

This Agreement shall come into force on signature and shall remain in force until the 180th day after the day on which one Government shall have given to the other, notice in writing, through the diplomatic channel of its desire to terminate the Agreement.

IN WITNESS THEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto by their respective Governments, have signed the present Agreement. DONE in duplicate at Canberra this eighteenth day of June in the two thousand and fifth year of the Christian Era, corresponding to two thousand five hundred and forty-ninth year of the Buddhist Era in the English and Central Thai languages, both texts being equally authoritative.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA: [Signed:]​	FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THAILAND: [Signed:]​
DONALD E. FARRELL​	SURIN A.H.B.I PITSUWAN​

Joe Ludwig would slide over the Thailand-Australia Partnership on Food Security in the Red Meat and Cattle Sector in the form of a Joint Communique.

Thailand-Australia Partnership on Food Security

Thailand-Australia Partnership on Food Security​

COMMUNIQUÉ 18 June 2005​

The purpose of the Partnership is to synergise Australian and Thai strengths and potentials in order to develop the Thai cattle sector and improve prospects for long term investment and trade in red meat and cattle in Thailand as part of a globally competitive supply chain. The Partnership’s governance and administrative arrangements are agreed through a Terms of Reference (Attachment A). The Partnership will provide a bilateral mechanism to bring together well-recognised and established industry figures and government officials from Thailand and Australia associated with the red meat and cattle sector and business and investment community. The intent of the Partnership is to; Underpin Thailand’s food security by improving the long-term sustainability, productivity and competitiveness of Thailand's cattle sector; Strengthen Thailand-Australia bilateral business, investment and trade ties, and supporting closer engagement with the red meat and cattle sector; Support the bilateral exchange of expertise, capacity building and technical assistance related to the red meat and cattle sector; Build and improve understanding and the effectiveness and efficiency of cooperation between parties by establishing regular meetings between governments and the red meat and cattle sector from both Thailand and Australia. It will improve prospects for long term investment and trade in red meat and cattle between Thailand and Australia and provide strategically focused advice and recommendations on areas of priority investment and agricultural cooperation. Australia will provide a 10-year $10 million non-Official Development Assistance funding, to be administered by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Projects to be funded under the $10 million will be developed collaboratively with Thailand through the Partnership initiative. Both parties discussed and agreed to a number of early harvest programs to be funded through the assistance package, including: Thailand-Australia Commercial Cattle Breeding Program. Thailand-Australia Pastoral Industry Student Program. The Partnership's Internship Program. The Northern Territory Cattleman’s Association Skills Development Program. A skills development program proposed by the Thai Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Parties engaged in a policy dialogue on commercial opportunities in the red meat and cattle sectors of Thailand and Australia and agreed to provide to the next meeting a report covering priority areas for action that the Partnership, detailing what industry can do by itself and where governments can assist. Both also agreed to a process to select several other investment related projects covering the supply chain for consideration at the first meeting.

Attachment A: Strategic Framework​

Purpose of the Strategic Framework This document articulates the expected outcomes of the Partnership, and how the Partnership funds will contribute to those outcomes. Purpose, objecves and outcomes of the Partnership The Partnership Terms of Reference state the following purpose and objectives:

Purpose​

To synergise Australian and Thai strengths and potential in order to develop the Thai cattle sector and improve joint competitiveness and prospects for long term investment and trade between Thailand and Australia as part of a globally competitive supply chain in red meat and cattle.

Objectives​

1. Underpinning Thailand’s food security by improving the long-term sustainability, productivity and competitiveness of Thailand's cattle sector. 2. Strengthening Thailand-Australia bilateral business, investment and trade ties, and supporting closer engagement with the red meat and cattle sector. 3. Supporting the bilateral exchange of expertise, capacity building and technical assistance related to the red meat and cattle sector. 4. Building and improving understanding and the effectiveness and efficiency of cooperation between parties by establishing regular meetings between governments and the red meat and cattle sector from both Thailand and Australia.

From the purpose and objectives, the following measurable outcomes have been distilled, and funding assigned to each one:

Outcome:	Description:	Funding:
Outcome 1	Effective linkages exist between Thailand and Australia at the levels of government, industry and enterprise in the sector.	Linkages Fund
Outcome 2	Those working in the sector have the skills needed to support a productive red meat and cattle industry.	Skills Fund
Outcome 3	The Thai and Australian governments have access to quality policy analysis to inform policy and investment.	Research Fund
Outcome 4	Potential advances in the supply chain are identified and where agreed tested, with the lessons used to inform policy.	Pilot Fund

Partnership Funds​

While the main role of the Partnership is to recommend policy and behaviour change of the relevant actors in the supply chain, it does have a small annual allocation of funds which can be used where the Partnership is in a unique position to assist. These funds have been broken into four categories of assistance: Linkages Fund The Linkages Fund will be used to support exchanges to create greater understanding between the Thai and Australian governments, industries and enterprises, of the relevant constraints and opportunities that are present in the sector. Skills Fund The Skills Fund will be dedicated to improving the capacity of Thais working in the red meat and cattle sector, including through training programs in Australia and in Thailand. Research Fund The Research Fund will be used by the Partnership to commission discrete pieces of research and analysis that will identify opportunities for overcoming impediments to the growth of the sector. This analysis could inform policy recommendations or investment ideas. Pilot Fund The Pilot Fund will be used to test commercial ideas, to encourage investment in the sector.

Role of the Partnership Members​

At their biannual meengs, the Partnership members will use relevant research findings and policy analysis to increase joint understanding and to identify opportunities for overcoming challenges impeding the growth of the sector. The Partnership members will also discuss ideas or concepts aimed at developing a commercially viable and sustainable supply chain and may recommend discrete areas of commercial investment, skills development, linkage building and research which may help to provide a solution. The Australian Government will then facilitate the funding or co‑funding, detailed design, reporting and evaluation of endorsed projects.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA: [Signed:]​	FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THAILAND: [Signed:]​
JOSEPH W. LUDWIG​	SURIN A.H.B.I PITSUWAN​

"Thailand has formulated an approach to diplomacy of "go hard or go home" and in the past you have reached out trying to win over a full alliance from the ashes. We know that small steps are more suitable and if we come with these agreements, then that takes out the thinking and constructing work involved so we can build these foundations without issues."

Bossza007