National Assembly of Thailand

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Legislative Chamber​	Government​	Opposition​
Lower House​	Thai Rak Thai Party (244) Eco-Socialist Alliance (110) Libertarian Socialist Front (42) Feminist Socialist Coalition (21)​	Democrat Party (69) Conservative Party (58) Anarcho-Communist Federation (24) Marxist Unity Party (32)​
Upper House​	Thai Rak Thai Party (49) Eco-Socialist Alliance (31) Libertarian Socialist Front (47) Feminist Socialist Coalition (20)​	Democrat Party (17) Conservative Party (30) Anarcho-Communist Federation (22) Marxist Unity Party (34)​

The National Assembly of the Republic of Thailand is the supreme legislative body of Thailand where it meets at the Sappaya-Sapasathan in Bangkok. The National Assembly possesses legislative supremacy and thereby holds ultimate power over all other political bodies in Thailand, including the provincial assembly and community assemblies across the country. As a bicameral legislature, it is separated into the Lower House (Hall of the Sum) and the Upper House (Hall of the Moon).

The Hall of the Sun is the elected lower chamber of the National Assembly, with elections to 350 single-member constituencies and 250 party-list members held at least every four years under the mixed-member proportional representation (MMPR) system. By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including the prime minister, are members of the Hall of the Sun, or less commonly the Hall of the Moon, and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature. Most Cabinet ministers are from the Lower House, while junior ministers can be from either house.

The Hall of the Moon is the elected upper chamber of the National Assembly, with election to 250 party-list members under the proportional representation (PR) system held at least six months to one year after the lower chamber election. By constitutional conventions, the Upper House is responsible for scrutinizing the Lower House legislative and decision-making, while also maintaining a supreme authority over the provincial assemblies, thus acting as the de facto representative of provincial-based interests within the National Assembly. In exercising this authority, the Upper House can delay legislation and require changes to such a legislation if it is in conflict with the national interests or consensus among the affected provincial administration.

Padipat Suntipada Speaker of the House of Representatives President of the National Assembly​

Wan Muhamad Noor Matha Speaker of the House of Senate Vice President of the National Assembly​

◤Legislative Process

◤Pre-Legislative Consultation

The legislative process of the National Assembly begins well before a bill is formally introduced, as each political party consults with various organizations within the country. The primary consultation occurs at the Worker Council Summit, a regular national gathering of representatives from worker cooperatives across various sectors. This summit identifies key issues and proposes legislative priorities.Additionally, the National Assembly maintains a website serving as its digital democracy platform where citizens can propose and vote on potential legislation. Bills receiving significant support must be considered by the National Assembly, with the Hall of the Moon responsible for formally introducing them. An annual economic planning conference also plays a crucial role in developing long-term economic strategies through collaboration between legislators, economic experts, worker representatives, and government officials.

◤Bill Drafting and Introduction

The bill drafting process in the National Assembly emphasizes collaboration and transparency, differing from traditional legislative systems. Guided by the Transparency and Information Act of 2003, the process follows the Open-Source Legislation (OSL) framework. Draft bills are published on a public digital platform, allowing citizens and experts to comment, suggest amendments, and propose alternative language. For draft bills with significant economic implications, the National Assembly must publish potential impacts on various sectors and regions. Predictive analysis, algorithm assessment methods, and AI-driven models are used to forecast these impacts. When draft bills propose substantial changes to the economic system, they require sponsorship from worker cooperatives and regional economic councils to ensure widespread support.

◤Committee Stage

The National Assembly’s legislative refinement process emphasizes consensus during the committee stage. Besides legislative members from both houses, randomly selected citizens, similar to a jury duty system, join rotating citizen panels to provide public input. For draft bills affecting multiple economic sectors, a special committee, the Cross-Section Integration Committee (CSIC), is formed to coordinate overall economic planning. By this stage, all National Assembly members have reviewed the draft bill in preparation for plenary debates. The Regional Impact Subcommittee (RIS) within the Hall of the Moon analyzes each bill’s potential regional impact to ensure equitable development.

◤Plenary Debates

After draft bills are formally introduced, typically by the Hall of the Sun, parliament members debate them before passing them to the Hall of the Moon. If the Hall of the Moon, or its members, introduces the draft bills, the National Assembly holds a joint session for debate. Instead of traditional for-and-against debates, the National Assembly uses a structured dialectical process to synthesize diverse viewpoints into cohesive policies. While opposition to proposed bills is common, the focus is on presenting alternative policies or implementation mechanisms. Each debate session includes a designated timeframe for experts and workers from relevant sectors to provide insights. Members of the public gallery can also pose questions or offer brief comments.


◤Voting and Passage

During the voting process on draft bills in the National Assembly, a tiered majority system is used for different types of bills. While a simple majority is the minimum threshold, some bills with specific characteristics require different levels of majority to reflect their importance and implications. For example, bills significantly altering the planned economy system require a supermajority of three-quarters of all sitting members of parliament. If there is a close split within a twelve-vote margin, a national referendum among worker cooperatives or the entire population is automatically triggered for final approval, depending on the specific bill. Once draft bills are approved by the National Assembly, the Prime Minister of Thailand must sign the legislation into law, as there is no veto mechanism in place.​

Meeting place of the National Assembly of Thailand and world's largest parliament building, Sappaya-Sapasathan​

◤Role of the Opposition

◤Structural Position of the Opposition

Unlike other parliamentary systems, the Opposition is a formally recognized by the 2003 Constitution of Thailand as an internal check and balance body within the legislative branch. Apart from acknowledging the existence of the Opposition, the constitution outlines its specific powers, responsibilities, and protections, cementing its role as an essential component of the democratic process. The Leader of the Opposition is a formally recognized position by the constitution to be elected by the non-governing parties. The office holder is tasked to form a Shadow Cabinet, mirroring the structure of the government, to provide alternative policies and scrutiny across all areas of governance. The constitution guarantees the Opposition the representation on all parliamentary committees, including the Cross-Section Integration Committee (CSIC) and the Regional Impact Subcommittee (RIS).

◤Functions and Powers

Within the structured dialectical process, the Opposition plays a crucial role in presenting and defending alternative policies. They are tasked with developing comprehensive policy proposals, not just critiquing government plans. The Opposition takes leadership in holding the government accountable through regular question periods in both Hall of the Sun and Hall of the Moon. It also has the ability to call for and lead investigative committees on the government while having access to government documents and data for thorough analysis. The Opposition has a formal role in engaging with the public through its participation in the Worker Council Summit, direct interactions on the digital democracy platform, and hosting of the town halls and public forums to gather citizens input on alternative policies. The Opposition also has a formalized role in the annual economic planning conference to present alterative economic strategies and critiquing government proposals.

◤Empowerment Mechanisms

The Opposition receives substantial public funding and resources, including staff, research facilities, and access to expert advisors so it can function effectively. The rationale for this resource allocation per national law is to ensure they can develop well-researched policy alternatives and effectively scrutinize government actions. The Opposition is guaranteed media time to present their views and alternative policies to ensure the public has access to diverse perspectives. In certain critical areas, such as constitutional changes or fundamental alterations to the economic system, the Opposition is granted a limited veto power through required higher threshold of vote to overrule. It also has the power to trigger national referendums on critical issues, subject to certain threshold and safeguard to prevent misuses.

Abhisit Vejjajiva, the Leader of the Opposition of the Republic of Thailand and one of the most influential figures in Thai politics​

 

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The Nineth Amendment of the Constitution of Thailand​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Nineth Amendment of the 2003 Constitutional of Thailand, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6. This Act shall be limited the revision and refinement of the following article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand;
(1) Article 67: Community assemblies at the local administrative level shall serve as consultative bodies to provide feedback and recommendations on legislation under consideration by the National Assembly and the Senate.
(2) Article 68: Provincial assemblies shall oversee the allocation and management of resources received from the central government for their respective provinces under the guidance of the Provincial Assembly.
Section 7. This Act mandates the revision to the article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand in Sector 6 of this Act with the following revision;
(1) Article 67: Community assemblies at the local administrative level, known as "Mubans", shall possess legislative authority to propose, draft and enact laws directly governing matters within their respective local jurisdictions given it aligns with the national policy of the Government.
(2) Article 68: A substantial portion of the provincial budget and resources, not less than sixty percent (60%), shall be allocated directly to community assemblies to fund local development projects, infrastructure, and public services under their legislative mandate.
(3) Article 69: All legislation passed by community assemblies shall be reviewed and approved by the Provincial Parliament prior to the Provincial Governor signing them into law as provincially applicable statutes.
(4) Article 70: The Upper House shall facilitate voting by community assemblies on proposed legislation under consideration in the National Assembly. Significant opposition from assemblies may prompt the Upper House to return the legislation to the Lower House for revision incorporating the assemblies' feedback.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

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The Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of Thailand​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Tenth Amendment of the 2003 Constitutional of Thailand, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6. This Act shall be limited the revision and refinement of the following article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand;
(1) Article 4: Human dignity, rights, liberties and equality of the people shall be protected.
Section 7. This Act mandates the revision to the article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand in Sector 6 of this Act with the following revision;
(1) Article 4: The state shall recognize and guarantee the inherent dignity and comprehensive rights of every individual. It shall actively promote substantive equality, social justice, and freedom of movement through progressive economic, social, and political measures, ensuring equitable distribution of resources and opportunities. The state shall strive to eliminate systemic inequalities and provide universal access to education, healthcare, housing, and social security.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

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The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of Thailand​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Eleventh Amendment of the 2003 Constitutional of Thailand, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6. This Act shall be limited the revision and refinement of the following article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand;
(1) Article 45: A personal shall enjoy the liberty to unit and form a political party under the participatory democratic regime of government with the Prime Minister as the Chairman of the National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development Board, as provided by law.
(2) Article 49: No person shall exercise the rights or liberties to overthrow the participatory democratic regime of government with the Prime Minister as the Chairman of the National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development Board, as provided by law.
Section 7. This Act mandates the revision to the article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand in Sector 6 of this Act with the following revision;
(1) Article 45: A person shall enjoy the liberty to unite and form a political party under the socialist participatory democratic regime of government, where the governance and economic policy-making processes are inherently decentralized and democratically planned. The Prime Minister shall act as a facilitator and coordinator for National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development, as provided by law. In the international context, the Prime Minister shall be designated as the Head of State and the Head of Government. Political parties shall be rooted in the principles of collectivism, egalitarianism, and direct participation, ensuring that the interests of worker cooperatives and community assemblies are prioritized in all policy-making processes.
(2) Article 49: No person shall exercise the rights or liberties to undermine or overthrow the socialist participatory democratic regime of government, which prioritizes decentralized, democratically planned economic activities and the interests of worker cooperatives and community assemblies. The Prime Minister shall act as a facilitator and coordinator for National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development, as provided by law. Actions or endeavors that contravene these principles, aiming to disrupt the egalitarian and collectivist foundations of the state, shall be prohibited and subject to legal action.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

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Order of Foreign Private Property Owner Expulsion and Seizure of Non-compliance Private Business Entity​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Order of Foreign Private Property Owner Expulsion and Seizure of Non-compliance Private Business Entity, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6: Expulsion of Foreign Private Property Owners
(1) Foreign private property owners whose entities have failed to transition into worker cooperative enterprises within the stipulated legal timeframe shall be subject to expulsion from the territory of Thailand. The expulsion shall be executed in accordance with the regulations set forth by the Prime Minister and the Parliament.
(2) The process of expulsion shall be administered by the Ministry of Interior, in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Labor Right Enforcement Agency (LREA), to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Act.
(3) Foreign private property owners shall be granted a period of sixty (60) days from the date of notification to vacate their property and exit Thailand. Failure to comply within this period shall result in enforced expulsion and legal action to recover any remaining assets.
Section 7: Seizure of Non-compliant Private Business Entities
(1) Any private business entity that has not transitioned to a worker cooperative enterprise in compliance with the Worker Cooperative Act, and whose legal transition period has expired, shall be subject to immediate seizure by the Labor Right Enforcement Agency (LREA).
(2) The LREA shall oversee the seizure of all assets, including but not limited to property, financial assets, and intellectual property. The seized assets shall be administered in accordance with the principles of worker cooperative management and distributed according to the legal guidelines established for such entities.
(3) Upon seizure, the LREA shall ensure that the assets are transferred to designated worker cooperative entities or interim management committees that will oversee the establishment of new worker cooperatives.
Section 8: Seizure and Redistribution of Assets
(1) Private business entities that have failed to transition into worker cooperative enterprises within the legally prescribed timeframe shall have their assets seized by the Labor Right Enforcement Agency (LREA), as stipulated in this Act.
(2) The assets of non-compliant private business entities shall be redistributed according to principles of socialist equity and worker cooperative management. This redistribution aims to rectify the exploitation of workers and ensure that resources are allocated in a manner consistent with the goals of the participatory democratic system.
(3) Compensation for seized assets shall not be provided to the previous owners of the entities. Instead, the focus shall be on the equitable distribution of assets to newly established worker cooperatives or interim management committees, ensuring that these resources contribute directly to the welfare and development of the workforce.
(4) The LREA shall oversee the fair and transparent process of asset redistribution, ensuring that all seized assets are utilized to enhance worker control, support cooperative enterprises, and promote the collective welfare of the community.
Section 9: Enforcement and Compliance
(1) The Prime Minister, the Parliament, and the LREA shall be responsible for enforcing this Act, ensuring that its provisions are executed in accordance with socialist principles and in a manner that supports the transition to worker cooperative management.
(2) Violations of the Act, including failure to comply with asset seizure and redistribution orders, shall be subject to penalties as determined by the relevant judicial authorities, in alignment with the principles of justice and equitable governance.
Section 10: Reporting and Review
(1) The Prime Minister shall submit a report to Parliament on the implementation and outcomes of this Act, including details on asset seizures, expulsion orders, and compensation payments.
(2) The Parliament shall review the effectiveness of this Act annually and propose any necessary amendments to refine its provisions in accordance with the principles of decentralized governance and worker cooperative management.
Section 11: Repeal and Supremacy
(1) All previous laws, regulations, and policies that are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed.
(2) This Act shall take precedence over any conflicting provisions in other legislation, ensuring that its implementation is upheld throughout the national governance framework.
Section 12: Transitional Provisions
(1) The Prime Minister, in collaboration with the Parliament and LREA, shall establish transitional guidelines to manage the shift from private business entities to worker cooperatives in a manner that minimizes disruption and ensures compliance with the new legal framework.
(2) These transitional guidelines shall be published in the Government Gazette and be made available to all affected parties.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

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The Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of Thailand​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Twelfth Amendment of the 2003 Constitutional of Thailand, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6. This Act shall be limited the revision and refinement of the following article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand;
(1) Article 106: Role and Definition of the Opposition.

(a) To streamline this legislative document, Article 106 shall be referenced in its entirety from the 11th amendment of the 2003 Thai Constitution. A comprehensive summary of the current provisions of Article 106 before the 12th amendment shall be appended to this document to ensure transparency and clarity during the amendment process. The key points of revision will focus on enhancing the clarity, effectiveness, and efficiency of the Opposition's role and functions as defined in the 11th amendment.​

Section 7. This Act mandates the revision to the article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand in Sector 6 of this Act with the following revision;
(1) Article 106: Role and Definition of the Opposition.

(1) Institutional Recognition and Structure: The Constitution of the Republic of Thailand formally recognizes the Opposition as an essential and institutionalized body within the legislative branch. The Opposition is defined as a collective entity comprising political parties and representatives who do not hold a governing mandate. This entity serves as an internal check and balance mechanism, ensuring robust and comprehensive oversight of the government’s activities and policies.
(2) Powers and Responsibilities: The Opposition shall possess the authority to form a Shadow Cabinet, mirroring the structure of the government, to provide alternative policies and scrutinize governmental actions across all areas of governance. The Leader of the Opposition, elected by the non-governing parties, shall head the Shadow Cabinet and coordinate its activities. The Opposition is guaranteed representation on all parliamentary committees, including the Cross-Section Integration Committee (CSIC) and the Regional Impact Subcommittee (RIS).
(3) Functions and Engagement with the Public: The Opposition shall actively engage with the public through various mechanisms, including the Worker Council Summit, direct interactions on the digital democracy platform, and hosting town halls and public forums to gather citizen input on alternative policies. The Opposition shall also participate in the annual economic planning conference to present alternative economic strategies and critique government proposals.
(4) Empowerment Mechanisms and Resources: The Opposition shall receive substantial public funding and resources, including staff, research facilities, and access to expert advisors, to ensure it can function effectively. The Constitution guarantees the Opposition media time to present its views and alternative policies, ensuring the public has access to diverse perspectives. In critical areas such as constitutional changes or fundamental alterations to the economic system, the Opposition is granted a limited veto power, requiring a higher threshold of votes to overrule. The Opposition also has the power to trigger national referendums on critical issues, subject to specific thresholds and safeguards to prevent misuse. The Opposition shall has the ability to call for and lead investigative committees on government actions.
(5) Ethical Standards and Accountability: The Opposition shall adhere to the highest ethical standards, with its actions and decisions subject to review by democratically elected ethics boards. These boards shall ensure that the Opposition’s activities align with the principles of egalitarianism, democratic socialism, and participatory democracy. The ethics boards shall have the authority to investigate and address any violations of ethical standards by members of the Opposition.
(6) Leader of the Opposition: The Leader of the Opposition shall be elected by the non-governing parties within the Hall of the Sun and the Hall of the Moon. This position is recognized as a formal and integral part of the parliamentary system. The Leader of the Opposition is tasked with forming and leading the Shadow Cabinet, coordinating the activities of the Opposition, and representing the Opposition in all official capacities. The Leader of the Opposition shall have access to the same level of information and briefings as the Prime Minister to ensure effective scrutiny and the development of viable alternative policies. Additionally, the Leader of the Opposition shall have the right to address the Parliament and the nation on key issues, ensuring that the voice of the Opposition is heard and considered in all major decisions.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

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The Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Thailand​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Thirteenth Amendment of the 2003 Constitutional of Thailand, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6. This Act shall be limited the revision and refinement of the following article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand;
(1) Article 1: Thailand is one and indivisible Socialist Republic.
Section 7. This Act mandates the revision to the article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand in Sector 6 of this Act with the following revision;
(1) Article 1: Thailand is one and indivisible Socialist Republic to be eventually withered away as part of the ultimate goal of the Thai State is the realization of communism: a society that is stateless, classless, and moneyless characterized by common ownership of the means of production with free access to the articles of consumption.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

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Secularization and Religious Demystification Act​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the Secularization and Religious Demystification.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Secularization and Religious Demystification Act, B.E 2548 (2005)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation’s approach into the future.
Section 6: This act, proposed by the National Assembly by an unanimous passage, aims to establish Thailand as a fully secular nation and address the perceived manipulative nature of religious institutions. The legislation is grounded in the socialist principles of the Thai state, as outlined in the constitution, particularly Article 1's commitment to eventual communism and Article 4's emphasis on inherent human dignity and comprehensive rights.
Section 7: Thailand shall be officially declared a secular state, with no state religion or preferential treatment for any religious group.
Section 8: All government institutions, including schools, hospitals, and public offices, shall be prohibited from displaying religious symbols or conducting religious ceremonies.
Section 9: Public officials shall swear a secular oath of office, replacing any religious oaths previously used.
Section 10: All religious institutions shall be subject to the same tax regulations as worker cooperatives, eliminating previous tax exemptions.
Section 11: Religious properties exceeding a certain size or value shall be collectivized and repurposed for public use, such as community centers or educational facilities.
Section 12: Public religious gatherings shall require permits and be subject to noise and time restrictions, similar to other public events.
Section 13: Introduction of a compulsory subject in all schools that critically examines world religions, mythology, and promotes scientific skepticism.
Section 14: Gradual phasing out of religious educational institutions, with a transition period to convert them into secular cooperative-run schools.
Section 15: Establishment of departments in universities dedicated to the academic study of religion from historical, sociological, and psychological perspectives.
Section 16: Individuals shall be free from religious coercion or discrimination based on non-belief.
Section 17: Religious indoctrination of minors, including a ban on childhood religious ceremonies without informed consent, shall be prohibited.
Section 18: Individuals leaving religions shall be protected, including penalties for communities or families that practice ostracism or violence against apostates.
Section 19: Religious advertising in public spaces shall be banned and strict regulation of religious content in media shall be established by relevant coordinated authority.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

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Universal Basic Income and Cooperative Economic Solidarity Act​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the Universal Basic Income and Cooperative Economic Solidarity.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Universal Basic Income and Cooperative Economic Solidarity, B.E 2548 (2005)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation’s approach into the future.

Preamble​

The Universal Basic Income and Cooperative Economic and Solidarity Act is founded on the principle outlined in Article 1,4, 45, and 49 of the Constitution of Thailand. These articles establish the state’s obligation to promote social justice, substantive equality, and economic democracy, and universal human dignity in line with the vision of communism, wherein class and systemic inequalities are eradicated.

This Act acknowledges that a guaranteed Universal Basic Income (UBI) is crucial to ensuring every citizen’s basic needs, economic security, and the empowerment of individuals to fully engage in society’s decentralized, cooperative-based economic activities. Additionally, the Act seeks to foster greater participation in worker cooperatives, solidifying the socialist participatory democracy of Thailand.

Legislative Content​

Section 6: The Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a periodic, unconditional payment granted to all lawful citizens of Thailand, irrespective of employment status, income level, or participation in the cooperative economy. The UBI serves as a guarantee of economic security and a tool for redistribution justice, facilitating greater personal autonomy and substantial equality in a classless society. However, the UBI is a policy under the transitional regime of the socialist participatory government of Thailand where the Thai state remains essential to lead the society into a stateless and eventual moneyless society.
Section 7: The UBI shall be provided at a level sufficient to cover basic living costs, adjusted regionally (Southern, Western, Central, Eastern, Northern, Northeastern) to reflect variations in living expenses and shall be reviewed biennially by the National Economic Planning and Redistribution Board in coordination with local worker councils, community councils, and the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security. The UBI shall be disbursed on the fifteenth day of each month.
Section 8: Funding for the UBI shall be sourced primarily from the Public Cooperative Contribution Fund (PCCF), a national solidarity fund into which all worker cooperatives, public enterprises, and labor-managed organizations contribute a percentage of their net social revenue.
Section 9: In addition to cooperative contributions, a Socialized Wealth Tax shall be imposed on high-net-worth individuals (individuals with upper income according to the Progressive Taxation Act B.E. 2547), structured progressively to redistribute wealth in line with the state’s egalitarian principles. Revenue generated from this tax shall directly support UBI funding, ensuring that the wealthiest members of society contribute proportionately to social solidarity.
Section 10: Income generated through Thailand’s AI-assisted dynamic pricing mechanisms for goods and services—designed to optimize resource allocation and capture social and environmental costs—shall be partially allocated to UBI funding. In practice, Redistributive Surplus Value shall be added to the cost-plus pricing model.
Section 11: The UBI is intended to empower individuals by providing economic security independent of employment, enabling citizens to engage in meaningful work, pursue further education, or participate in cooperative-based activities without the threat of financial hardship. By alleviating dependence on traditional wage labor, the UBI fosters an environment in which individuals can more freely participate in the cooperative and democratic management of the economy.
Section 12: In line with Article 4 of the Constitution, the UBI is a tool for achieving substantive equality, ensuring that economic opportunities and resources are distributed equitably. The UBI helps to close the gaps created by geographic disparities, social stratifications, and systemic biases inherent in previous economic structures. Through direct financial redistribution, it rebalances the concentration of resources and promotes greater economic democracy.
Section 13: The UBI (is intended to) reflects the state’s commitment to the gradual withering away of class distinctions, in line with the ultimate goal of communism. By decoupling basic income from labor-market participation, the Act undermines the capitalist logic of wage exploitation and paves the way for a classless society. Moreover, the UBI supports the goal of a stateless society by fostering community-based economic systems grounded in cooperative ownership and mutual aid.
Section 14: The administration and distribution of UBI shall be handled through Thailand’s Digital Democracy Platform, ensuring transparency, citizen oversight, and efficiency. The platform shall be upgraded to allow individuals to monitor disbursements, propose adjustments to UBI levels, and participate in discussion about funding and economic impacts of the UBI through community assemblies.
Section 15: UBI implementation will be subject to oversight by the Regional and Cooperative Oversight Committees (RCOCs), which are tasked with ensuring that funds are fairly distributed and that the cooperative economic remains sustainable. These committees, composed of citizen representatives selected through participatory processes, will also address any potential challenges in UBI delivery and discrepancies across regions.
Section 16: The National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development Board shall conduct regular impact assessments of the UBI to ensure it continues to meet the evolving needs of citizens. These assessments will analyze UBI’s effectiveness in reducing poverty, promoting cooperative participation, and fostering broader economic stability.
Section 17: While UBI guarantees a foundational income, it shall complement Thailand’s Universal Basic Services (UBS), which provides comprehensive healthcare, education, housing, legal aid, and childcare. Together, UBI and UBS are designed to eliminate poverty, ensure universal access to essential services, and foster substantive equality within the framework of economic democracy.
Section 18: Worker cooperatives and public enterprises shall integrate UBI into their economic models, planning for collective investment in local infrastructure, green energy projects, and sustainable development initiatives. The UBI shall thus not only act as a financial safety net but also catalyze innovation and participation in decentralized economic planning.
Section 19: No person or cooperative shall require citizens to forfeit their UBI benefits as a condition of employment, cooperative membership, or access to services. Violation of this principle shall result in legal penalties, including fines and suspension of cooperative privileges.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

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Conduct of War Act​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the Conduct of War.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Conduct of War Act, B.E 2548 (2005)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation’s approach into the future.

Preamble​

In alignment with the foundational principles of socialism, international solidarity, and the defense of the Socialist Republic of Thailand, this Act establishes the legal framework for the conduct of war by the Republic. It ensures that any engagement in war is in strict adherence to socialist values, with a focus on self-defense, the protection of the revolution, and the minimization of harm to human life.

Legislative Content​

Section 6: Definitions

a) War: Any state of armed conflict, whether declared or undeclared, between the Socialist Republic of Thailand and any other state or non-state entity.
b) Self-Defense: Actions undertaken to protect the sovereignty, territory, or people of the Socialist Republic of Thailand from external aggression.
c) Legitimate Authority: The authority vested in the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, and the relevant military bodies to declare and conduct war in accordance with this Act.​

Section 7: General Principles

a) Just Cause: War may only be initiated in self-defense, to protect the Socialist Republic from external threats, or to support oppressed peoples in alignment with international socialist solidarity.
b) Right Intention: The intention behind any war must be to defend socialism, protect human life, and uphold the principles of international solidarity.
c) Proportionality: Any use of force must be proportionate to the threat faced, with a priority on minimizing civilian harm and destruction.
d) Last Resort: War may only be declared after all diplomatic and non-violent options have been thoroughly exhausted.​

Section 8: Declaration of War

a) Legitimate Authority: The power to declare war is vested in the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Thailand, with the consent of the Prime Minister, as the facilitator and coordinator of national defense policy.
b) Public Deliberation: Before any declaration of war, a special session of the National Assembly must be convened, including the Opposition, Worker Council representatives, and relevant military advisors, to deliberate on the necessity, justification, and objectives of the proposed war.
c) Emergency Provision: In cases where immediate action is required for national defense, the Prime Minister may authorize limited military action, subject to retroactive approval by the National Assembly within 72 hours.​

Section 9: Conducting War

a) Central Command: The conduct of war is managed by the Central Command, led by the Ministry of Defense in coordination with the Prime Minister. All military operations must adhere to the guidelines established by this Act and the directives of the National Assembly.
b) People’s Participation: The military forces shall incorporate mass participation through local defense councils and volunteer brigades, ensuring that the defense of the nation is a collective effort.
c) International Collaboration: Any war efforts shall seek the cooperation of allied socialist states and international worker movements, emphasizing solidarity and collective security.​

Section 10: Ethical Conduct in War

a) Humanitarian Law: The Socialist Republic of Thailand shall adhere strictly to international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions. All combatants must ensure the humane treatment of prisoners, the protection of civilians, and the avoidance of unnecessary suffering.
b) Environmental Protection: Military operations must consider environmental impacts and avoid causing long-term damage to ecosystems. Special consideration shall be given to preserving natural resources and preventing ecological destruction.​

Section 11: Treatment of Civilians and Prisoners of War

a) Civilian Protection: All measures must be taken to protect civilians from the effects of war. The use of force in civilian areas is strictly controlled and requires explicit authorization from the Central Command.
b) Prisoners of War: Prisoners of war shall be treated with dignity and respect, in accordance with international standards. They shall not be subjected to torture, inhumane treatment, or forced labor.​

Section 12: Post-Conflict Obligations

a) Restorative Justice: Following the cessation of hostilities, the Socialist Republic shall prioritize restorative justice measures, including rebuilding war-torn areas, providing humanitarian aid, and fostering reconciliation with former adversaries.
b) Reconstruction: The government shall implement a comprehensive reconstruction plan that aligns with socialist principles, emphasizing collective ownership, social welfare, and the establishment of democratic institutions in affected areas.​

Section 13: Oversight Mechanism

a) War Conduct Oversight Committee (WCOC): A special committee of the National Assembly, including members of the Opposition and independent experts, shall oversee the conduct of war, ensuring compliance with this Act and international law.
b) Public Reporting: Regular reports on the conduct of war, including casualty figures, military expenditures, and humanitarian impact, must be presented to the National Assembly and made available to the public.​

Section 14: Accountability

a) Legal Accountability: Any member of the government or military who violates the provisions of this Act shall be subject to investigation and prosecution under the laws of the Socialist Republic of Thailand.
b) Ethics Review: The Ethics Board shall review cases where actions during war may have conflicted with the principles of this Act, with the authority to recommend both binding and non-binding disciplinary action or legal proceedings.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

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Abortion Rights Is Human Rights (ARHR) Act​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the Conduct of War.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Abortion Rights Is Human Rights (ARHR) Act, B.E 2548 (2005)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation’s approach into the future.

Legislative Content​

Section 6: Purpose and Scope

6.1 This Act aims to ensure the comprehensive protection of reproductive rights, with a specific focus on securing safe, legal, and accessible abortion services for all individuals in Thailand.
6.2 This Act applies to all healthcare providers, institutions, and individuals within the territory of the Republic of Thailand.​

Section 7: Definition
For the purposes of this Act:

7.1 "Abortion" means the termination of a pregnancy by any means.
7.2 "Healthcare provider" includes doctors, nurses, midwives, and any other medical professionals authorized to provide abortion services under this Act.
7.3 "Pregnant person" refers to any individual capable of becoming pregnant, regardless of gender identity.
7.4 "Gestational age" is calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period.​

Section 8: Fundamental Right

8.1 Every pregnant person has the fundamental right to choose whether to continue or terminate their pregnancy, free from coercion, discrimination, or interference.
8.2 The right to abortion is guaranteed at any stage of pregnancy when deemed necessary by the pregnant person in consultation with their healthcare provide.​

Section 9: Non-Discrimination

9.1 Access to abortion services shall be provided without discrimination based on age, marital status, race, ethnicity, immigration status, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, or economic status.
9.2 Minors have the right to access abortion services without parental consent or notification.​

Section 10: Universal Coverage

10.1 All abortion services, including pre- and post-abortion care, shall be fully covered under the national healthcare system at no cost to the individual.
10.2 Coverage includes all methods of abortion, pain management, counseling services, and any necessary follow-up care.​

Section 11: Availability of Services

11.1 The state shall ensure that abortion services are available in all public healthcare facilities.
11.2 In regions where access to public facilities is limited, the state shall establish mobile clinics to provide abortion services.
11.3 Telemedicine abortion services shall be made available and legally protected to enhance accessibility, particularly in remote areas.​

Section 12: Waiting Periods and Mandatory Counseling

12.1 No mandatory waiting periods shall be imposed between the request for and provision of abortion services.
12.2 While counseling services must be offered, they are not mandatory and refusing them shall not impact access to abortion services.​

Section 13: Approved Methods

13.1 Both medical (pharmaceutical) and surgical methods of abortion shall be available at all stages of pregnancy.
13.2 The choice of method shall be based on the pregnant person's preference and medical advice.​

Section 14: Late-Term Abortion

14.1 There shall be no upper gestational limit for accessing abortion services.
14.2 Late-term abortions (after 24 weeks) shall be performed using the most appropriate and safest methods as determined by medical professionals.​

Section 15: Training and Certification

15.1 The state shall provide comprehensive training on abortion care to all relevant healthcare providers.
15.2 Certification for providing abortion services shall be integrated into standard medical, nursing, and midwifery education.​

Section 16: Conscientious Objection

16.1 While individual healthcare providers may object to performing abortions on grounds of conscience, institutions may not.
16.2 Objecting providers must immediately refer the pregnant person to a non-objecting provider without delay.
16.3 In emergency situations where referral is not possible, objecting providers must perform the abortion to save the life or health of the pregnant person.​

Section 17: Public Awareness

17.1 The state shall conduct regular public education campaigns on reproductive rights, including the right to abortion.
17.2 Comprehensive, scientifically accurate information on abortion shall be included in school curricula at appropriate age levels.​

Section 18: Informed Consent

18.1 Healthcare providers must ensure that pregnant persons receive complete, unbiased information about their options, including the risks and benefits of continuing or terminating the pregnancy.
18.2 Information must be provided in a language and format accessible to the pregnant person, including provisions for those with disabilities.​

Section 19: Data Protection

19.1 All personal and medical information related to abortion services shall be strictly confidential.
19.2 Healthcare providers and institutions shall implement robust data protection measures to prevent unauthorized access or disclosure.​

Section 20: Protection from Harassment

20.1 It is prohibited to interfere with, harass, or intimidate individuals seeking or providing abortion services.
20.2 A buffer zone of 20 to 150 meters shall be established around all facilities providing abortion services, within which protests or demonstrations are prohibited.​

Section 21: Advancement of Care

21.1 The state shall allocate funds for ongoing research to improve abortion methods, enhance safety, and reduce potential complications.
21.2 Research shall also focus on developing more effective and accessible contraceptive methods to prevent unintended pregnancies.​

Section 22: Global Leadership

22.1 Thailand shall actively promote reproductive rights, including the right to abortion, in international forums.
22.2 Thailand shall provide support and share best practices with other nations seeking to humanize their abortion laws.​

Section 23: Abortion Tourism

23.1 Non-residents shall have access to abortion services in Thailand, promoting Thailand as a safe haven for reproductive rights globally.
23.2 The state shall develop programs to facilitate and support individuals traveling to Thailand for abortion services.​

Section 24: Oversight Committee

24.1 A National Reproductive Rights Oversight Committee shall be established to monitor the implementation of this Act.
24.2 The Committee shall have the power to investigate violations and recommend corrective actions.​

Section 25: Penalties

25.1 Any person or institution found to be obstructing access to legal abortion services shall face fines and potential imprisonment as a result of their violation of basic human rights.
25.2 Healthcare providers or institutions discriminating against individuals seeking abortion services shall face suspension of medical licenses and institutional accreditation as a result of engaging in systemic human rights abuse.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

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[Bossza007]

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Socialist Resilience and Reform Act​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

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Preamble​

Recognizing the enduring commitment of the Thai people to the principles of socialist participatory democracy and the ongoing pursuit of a liberated, egalitarian, and just society;

Acknowledging the recent attempted act of counter-revolution as a challenge to our collective vigilance and a reminder of the persistent ideological threats posed by remnants of the former capitalist regime and their exiled supporters;

Affirming the imperative to safeguard the Socialist Republic of Thailand against both internal and external threats, while upholding and actively promoting the fundamental rights and liberties enshrined in the 2003 Constitution and strengthening the foundations of our socialist society through enhanced democratic participation, economic justice, and social cohesion;

Determining the need to refine and strengthen the legal framework against genuinely counter-revolutionary activities, ensure robust ethical oversight of state security apparatus, and re-evaluate the mandate of the Labor Rights Enforcement Agency to better serve the interests of the working people and the integrity of the cooperative sector;

Guided by the principles of democratic deliberation and in response to the expressed will of the Thai people for enhanced security and systemic reform, grounded in our core socialist values;

The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Thailand hereby enacts the following provisions:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Socialist Resilience and Reform Act, B.E 2549 (2006)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The National Assembly of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority

(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Thailand;​

Section 6: Amendment to the Counter-Revolutionary Offenses Act B.E. 2543 (2000)

(1) Section 3 of the Counter-Revolutionary Offenses Act (2000) is hereby amended to include the following narrowed and clarified definition of genuinely counter-revolutionary activities:

“Genuinely counter-revolutionary activities” shall strictly encompass direct and demonstrable actions, whether overt or covert, domestic or foreign-influenced, that imminently threaten the physical security and stability of the socialist participatory democratic regime of government of the Socialist Republic of Thailand, or directly incite violence to overthrow it. This excludes legitimate political dissent, critical analysis of socialist policies, or the peaceful expression of alternative ideologies. Genuinely counter-revolutionary activities are specifically limited to:

(a) Direct acts of violence or sabotage that demonstrably aim to destabilize the socialist state or disrupt essential public services, causing significant harm to persons or property.
(b) Active and provable conspiracy or organized efforts, with direct financial or material support from exiled capitalist elements or foreign entities, to plan and execute violent acts aimed at overthrowing the socialist system. Mere advocacy of capitalist ideologies or peaceful political organizing shall not be considered counter-revolutionary activity.
(c) Intentional and malicious dissemination of demonstrably false information that directly incites violence, public disorder, or imminent harm, and is proven to be directly linked to foreign hostile entities or exiled counter-revolutionary groups. Legitimate journalistic activity, artistic expression, or political commentary, even if critical of the socialist system, shall not be considered counter-revolutionary propaganda.
(d) Deliberate and malicious economic sabotage that directly and demonstrably causes widespread economic collapse or severe public hardship, and is proven to be directly orchestrated by foreign hostile entities or exiled counter-revolutionary groups. Legitimate labor actions, business failures in the cooperative sector, or calls for economic reform within the socialist framework shall not be considered economic sabotage.
(e) Direct and demonstrable collaboration with foreign powers or organizations that are proven to be actively engaged in planning or executing violent acts to overthrow the Socialist Republic of Thailand, and demonstrably threaten its territorial integrity and sovereignty. Peaceful diplomatic engagement or international cooperation with diverse nations, including those with different political systems, shall not be considered counter-revolutionary activity.​

(2) Section 5 of the Counter-Revolutionary Offenses Act (2000) is hereby amended to ensure proportionate penalties for all defined genuinely counter-revolutionary offenses, prioritizing restorative justice and rehabilitation. The revised penalty structure shall be as follows:

(a) For offenses deemed to directly and intentionally endanger the life of a state official or cause severe and widespread public disruption through violence or sabotage, the penalty shall be imprisonment for a term not less than ten years and up to twenty years, with emphasis on restorative justice programs and opportunities for rehabilitation during incarceration.
(b) For offenses involving proven conspiracy, organized planning of violent subversion, or malicious economic sabotage causing severe public hardship, the penalty shall be imprisonment for a term not less than five years and up to ten years, with mandatory participation in restorative justice and socialist re-education programs.
(c) For offenses involving proven intentional and malicious dissemination of demonstrably false information directly inciting violence or public disorder, or proven direct collaboration with hostile foreign entities to undermine the Republic’s security through violent means, the penalty shall be imprisonment for a term not less than two years and up to five years, with focus on community service and restorative justice measures.
(d) For lesser offenses demonstrably proven to be directly preparatory to imminent violent counter-revolutionary acts, the penalty shall be imprisonment for a term not less than one year and up to two years, with emphasis on probation, community service, and re-integrative social programs.​

(3) The Director-General of the Department of Special Investigation (DSI) is hereby granted strictly defined and judicially supervised authority, under robust and independent judicial oversight, to investigate credible and substantiated allegations of genuinely counter-revolutionary activities. This shall be exercised with full respect for constitutional rights and due process, and shall include:

(a) The power to judicially compel testimony and the production of strictly relevant documents directly related to substantiated allegations of violent counter-revolutionary activity, subject to explicit and robust constitutional rights against self-incrimination, with independent legal counsel provided at all stages.
(b) The authority to conduct targeted and time-limited surveillance and monitoring of individuals or groups based on demonstrable and credible evidence of direct involvement in planning or executing violent counter-revolutionary acts, under strictly defined warrants issued by the Court of Justice, based on probable cause, with detailed justification and subject to mandatory and independent ethical review by the IERB-ISO before warrant issuance. Surveillance shall be proportionate, limited in scope and duration, and subject to regular judicial review and renewal.
(3) Enhanced powers of arrest and detention for individuals with probable cause to believe they are directly and actively involved in planning or executing violent counter-revolutionary offenses, in strict accordance with constitutional rights and due process, including immediate access to legal counsel, prompt arraignment, and transparent and timely judicial proceedings. Preventative detention without charge shall be strictly prohibited.​

Section 7: Establishment of the Independent Ethical Review Board for Intelligence and Surveillance Operations (IERB-ISO)

(1) Establishment and Mandate: There is hereby established the Independent Ethical Review Board for Intelligence and Surveillance Operations (IERB-ISO), an independent and empowered body responsible for providing rigorous and proactive ethical oversight and ensuring unwavering adherence to constitutional rights in the intelligence and surveillance operations of the Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC), particularly concerning the Thai diaspora database and related surveillance practices.

(2) Representative Composition: The IERB-ISO shall be composed of seven members, appointed by the National Ethical Oversight Board (NEOB) for a term of five years, renewable once, through a transparent and publicly accessible nomination process. Members shall be selected based on their demonstrated expertise and unwavering commitment to ethical governance, human rights, and socialist participatory democracy, and shall include:

(a) Two members nominated by independent national human rights organizations, selected through a transparent and inclusive civil society consultation process.
(b) One member nominated by the Press Freedom Council of Thailand.
(c) One legal expert specializing in constitutional law and civil liberties, nominated by the Supreme Court of Justice from a list of candidates proposed by the Supreme Court Workers’ Council.
(d) One expert in ethics and social philosophy, nominated by the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security in consultation with academic institutions specializing in ethics and social justice.
(e) One representative from worker cooperative organizations, selected through a national worker council summit.
(f) One representative from community assemblies, selected through the National Assembly.
The nomination and selection process shall ensure diverse representation and exclude individuals with direct affiliations or prior employment with ISOC or other state security agencies within the past ten years.​

(3) The IERB-ISO shall have the following powers and functions:

(a) To conduct regular, proactive, and unannounced independent ethical audits of ISOC’s diaspora database and surveillance practices, ensuring strict and demonstrable compliance with constitutional rights, relevant laws, and proactively developed ethical guidelines.
(b) To develop, initiate, review, and approve ethical guidelines and operational protocols for ISOC’s intelligence and surveillance activities, particularly those impacting the rights and privacy of Thai citizens abroad, in full consultation with civil society organizations and relevant experts.
(c) To promptly, independently, and thoroughly investigate complaints from individuals or organizations regarding alleged ethical violations or infringements of rights arising from ISOC’s intelligence and surveillance operations, with guaranteed resources, autonomy, and the power to compel ISOC to fully cooperate and provide all necessary information.
(d) To issue binding recommendations to ISOC and the National Assembly regarding improvements to ethical practices, operational procedures, and legal frameworks governing intelligence and surveillance. ISOC shall be legally obligated to implement the IERB-ISO's recommendations within a reasonable timeframe and report on implementation progress to the National Assembly.
(e) To publish unredacted annual reports on its findings and recommendations, ensuring full transparency and public accountability, while safeguarding only demonstrably necessary classified information under strict and independent judicial oversight. The IERB-ISO shall have sole authority over the content of its reports.
(f) To have unrestricted and immediate access to all relevant ISOC documentation, personnel, and facilities necessary to conduct its reviews and investigations, subject to only demonstrably necessary and independently reviewed security protocols.​

Section 8: Review and Reform of the Labor Rights Enforcement Agency (LREA) Mandate and Operations

(1) There is hereby established the independent and worker-led Labor Rights Enforcement Agency (LREA) Mandate Review Committee, tasked with conducting a thorough, critical, and worker-centric review of the LREA’s mandate, operational effectiveness, public perception, impact on worker autonomy and cooperative self-management, and fundamental alignment with socialist economic principles and the spirit of worker empowerment.

(2) The LREA Mandate Review Committee shall be composed of nine members, appointed by the Minister of Labor, ensuring a worker-majority composition and robust independence from state influence, and shall include:

(a) Two representatives from the LREA, limited to operational personnel directly involved in field inspections and excluding administrative or managerial staff.
(b) Five representatives from worker cooperatives, directly elected by and from worker council members, selected through a national worker council summit.
(c) One legal expert specializing in labor law and cooperative economics, nominated by the Supreme Court of Justice from a list of candidates proposed by Supreme Court of Justice Workers’ Council.
(d) One expert in public administration and organizational effectiveness, nominated by the Ministry of Interior in consultation with its ministerial workers’ council to ensure impartiality and expertise in cooperative governance models.
The Chair of the Committee shall be elected by and from the worker cooperative representatives.​

(3) The LREA Mandate Review Committee shall undertake a comprehensive, critical, and worker-centric review encompassing, but not limited to, the following areas:

(a) The actual effectiveness of the LREA in genuinely promoting and safeguarding the Labor’s Right and Protection Act of 2004 and related labor regulations in a manner that empowers workers and strengthens the cooperative sector, rather than imposing bureaucratic control.
(b) The demonstrable impact of LREA inspections and enforcement actions on worker morale, genuine cooperative autonomy and self-management, and the overall health, dynamism, and democratic functioning of the socialist economy.
(c) The public perception of the LREA, including detailed analysis of worker feedback and concerns regarding its approach, intrusiveness, potential for overreach, bureaucratic rigidity, and adversarial nature.
(d) The efficiency and proportionality of LREA enforcement mechanisms, critically evaluating their appropriateness for a fully collectivized economy based on worker self-management and cooperative solidarity, and considering radically alternative approaches to promoting labor rights compliance, such as worker-led education and training, cooperative mediation and peer-review mechanisms, expanded roles for worker councils in self-regulation and dispute resolution, and community-based accountability systems.
(e) The fundamental necessity and long-term appropriateness of the LREA’s current enforcement-centric mandate in the context of a fully collectivized economy, critically assessing whether alternative, more empowering, and less bureaucratic models of labor rights promotion are more suitable for a socialist society based on worker ownership and democratic control.​

(4) The LREA Mandate Review Committee shall submit a comprehensive and actionable report to the Minister of Labor and the National Assembly within six months of its establishment, outlining its detailed findings and concrete, worker-centric recommendations for fundamental reform. These recommendations must include, but are not limited to:

(a) Radical revisions to the LREA’s mandate to fundamentally prioritize worker self-management, cooperative autonomy, and worker empowerment as the primary means of ensuring labor rights compliance, shifting away from a primarily enforcement-based model.
(b) Fundamental reforms to LREA operational procedures to ensure a deeply collaborative, genuinely supportive, educational, and empowering approach to labor rights promotion, eliminating adversarial and bureaucratic elements, and fostering a culture of mutual respect and cooperation between LREA personnel and worker cooperatives.
(c) Development and implementation of radically alternative mechanisms for promoting labor rights compliance within the cooperative sector, centered on worker self-regulation, cooperative solidarity, community-based dispute resolution, robust worker-led education and training programs, and expanded and empowered roles for worker councils in internal monitoring, peer-review, and conflict resolution.
(d) Mandatory and comprehensive retraining and professional development for all LREA personnel, fundamentally reorienting their approach towards ethical conduct, empowering communication skills, deep understanding of cooperative principles and worker self-management, and a commitment to collaborative and supportive engagement with worker cooperatives.
(e) Legislative amendments to the Labor’s Right and Protection Act of 2004 to fundamentally reflect the reformed LREA mandate, fully incorporate alternative compliance mechanisms centered on worker self-management and cooperative solidarity, and enshrine worker empowerment as the guiding principle of labor rights promotion in the socialist economy. All legislative amendments must be developed in close and direct consultation with the cooperative sector and worker councils.​

Section 9: Sunset Clause and Participatory Review Mechanism

(1) Sections 6, 7, and 8 of this Act shall be subject to mandatory and comprehensive review by the National Assembly every five years from the date of enactment to rigorously and publicly assess their continued necessity, effectiveness, demonstrable impact on fundamental rights and liberties, and alignment with the evolving needs and values of the Socialist Republic of Thailand.

(2) The review process shall be explicitly participatory and democratic, involving:

(a) Mandatory public consultations with worker cooperatives, community assemblies, civil society organizations, legal experts, and the general public, utilizing digital democracy platforms, town hall meetings, and participatory budgeting mechanisms.
(b) Independent impact assessments conducted by external experts, focusing on the legislation's effects on civil liberties, democratic participation, economic justice, and social cohesion.
(c) Formal reports from the IERB-ISO and the LREA Mandate Review Committee to the National Assembly, detailing their findings and recommendations for amendment, repeal, or continuation of the relevant sections.
(3) Based on the findings of the participatory review process, the National Assembly shall conduct a public and televised debate on the future of Sections 6, 7, and 8, culminating in a vote on their amendment, repeal, or continuation.
(4) In the absence of a positive vote for continuation or amendment by the National Assembly, Sections 6, 7, and 8 of this Act shall automatically expire and be repealed five years from the date of enactment.​

Section 10: The State shall undertake comprehensive public awareness campaigns, utilizing all available media channels, to ensure that all citizens are fully informed about the provisions of this Act, their rights and responsibilities under it, and the mechanisms for accountability and redress established within it.​

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The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​