National Assembly of Thailand

[Bossza007]

Legislative Chamber​	Government​	Opposition​
Lower House​	Thai Rak Thai Party (200) Progressive Party (100) National Socialist Party (51) Thai Liberal Socialist Party (69)​	Democrat Party (80) Conservative Party (20) Social Liberal Party (35) New Democracy Party (45)​
Upper House​	Thai Rak Thai Party (49) Progressive Party (31) National Socialist Party (47) Thai Liberal Socialist Party (20)​	Democrat Party (17) Conservative Party (30) Social Liberal Party (22) New Democracy Party (34)​

The National Assembly of the Republic of Thailand is the supreme legislative body of Thailand where it meets at the Sappaya-Sapasathan in Bangkok. The National Assembly possesses legislative supremacy and thereby holds ultimate power over all other political bodies in Thailand, including the provincial assembly and community assemblies across the country. As a bicameral legislature, it is separated into the Lower House (Hall of the Sum) and the Upper House (Hall of the Moon).

The Hall of the Sun is the elected lower chamber of the National Assembly, with elections to 350 single-member constituencies and 250 party-list members held at least every four years under the mixed-member proportional representation (MMPR) system. By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including the prime minister, are members of the Hall of the Sun, or less commonly the Hall of the Moon, and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature. Most Cabinet ministers are from the Lower House, while junior ministers can be from either house.

The Hall of the Moon is the elected upper chamber of the National Assembly, with election to 250 party-list members under the proportional representation (PR) system held at least six months to one year after the lower chamber election. By constitutional conventions, the Upper House is responsible for scrutinizing the Lower House legislative and decision-making, while also maintaining a supreme authority over the provincial assemblies, thus acting as the de facto representative of provincial-based interests within the National Assembly. In exercising this authority, the Upper House can delay legislation and require changes to such a legislation if it is in conflict with the national interests or consensus among the affected provincial administration.

Padipat Suntipada Speaker of the House of Representatives President of the National Assembly​

Wan Muhamad Noor Matha Speaker of the House of Senate Vice President of the National Assembly​

◤Legislative Process

◤Pre-Legislative Consultation

The legislative process of the National Assembly begins well before a bill is formally introduced, as each political party consults with various organizations within the country. The primary consultation occurs at the Worker Council Summit, a regular national gathering of representatives from worker cooperatives across various sectors. This summit identifies key issues and proposes legislative priorities.Additionally, the National Assembly maintains a website serving as its digital democracy platform where citizens can propose and vote on potential legislation. Bills receiving significant support must be considered by the National Assembly, with the Hall of the Moon responsible for formally introducing them. An annual economic planning conference also plays a crucial role in developing long-term economic strategies through collaboration between legislators, economic experts, worker representatives, and government officials.

◤Bill Drafting and Introduction

The bill drafting process in the National Assembly emphasizes collaboration and transparency, differing from traditional legislative systems. Guided by the Transparency and Information Act of 2003, the process follows the Open-Source Legislation (OSL) framework. Draft bills are published on a public digital platform, allowing citizens and experts to comment, suggest amendments, and propose alternative language. For draft bills with significant economic implications, the National Assembly must publish potential impacts on various sectors and regions. Predictive analysis, algorithm assessment methods, and AI-driven models are used to forecast these impacts. When draft bills propose substantial changes to the economic system, they require sponsorship from worker cooperatives and regional economic councils to ensure widespread support.

◤Committee Stage

The National Assembly’s legislative refinement process emphasizes consensus during the committee stage. Besides legislative members from both houses, randomly selected citizens, similar to a jury duty system, join rotating citizen panels to provide public input. For draft bills affecting multiple economic sectors, a special committee, the Cross-Section Integration Committee (CSIC), is formed to coordinate overall economic planning. By this stage, all National Assembly members have reviewed the draft bill in preparation for plenary debates. The Regional Impact Subcommittee (RIS) within the Hall of the Moon analyzes each bill’s potential regional impact to ensure equitable development.

◤Plenary Debates

After draft bills are formally introduced, typically by the Hall of the Sun, parliament members debate them before passing them to the Hall of the Moon. If the Hall of the Moon, or its members, introduces the draft bills, the National Assembly holds a joint session for debate. Instead of traditional for-and-against debates, the National Assembly uses a structured dialectical process to synthesize diverse viewpoints into cohesive policies. While opposition to proposed bills is common, the focus is on presenting alternative policies or implementation mechanisms. Each debate session includes a designated timeframe for experts and workers from relevant sectors to provide insights. Members of the public gallery can also pose questions or offer brief comments.


◤Voting and Passage

During the voting process on draft bills in the National Assembly, a tiered majority system is used for different types of bills. While a simple majority is the minimum threshold, some bills with specific characteristics require different levels of majority to reflect their importance and implications. For example, bills significantly altering the planned economy system require a supermajority of three-quarters of all sitting members of parliament. If there is a close split within a twelve-vote margin, a national referendum among worker cooperatives or the entire population is automatically triggered for final approval, depending on the specific bill. Once draft bills are approved by the National Assembly, the Prime Minister of Thailand must sign the legislation into law, as there is no veto mechanism in place.​

Meeting place of the National Assembly of Thailand and world's largest parliament building, Sappaya-Sapasathan​

◤Role of the Opposition

◤Structural Position of the Opposition

Unlike other parliamentary systems, the Opposition is a formally recognized by the 2003 Constitution of Thailand as an internal check and balance body within the legislative branch. Apart from acknowledging the existence of the Opposition, the constitution outlines its specific powers, responsibilities, and protections, cementing its role as an essential component of the democratic process. The Leader of the Opposition is a formally recognized position by the constitution to be elected by the non-governing parties. The office holder is tasked to form a Shadow Cabinet, mirroring the structure of the government, to provide alternative policies and scrutiny across all areas of governance. The constitution guarantees the Opposition the representation on all parliamentary committees, including the Cross-Section Integration Committee (CSIC) and the Regional Impact Subcommittee (RIS).

◤Functions and Powers

Within the structured dialectical process, the Opposition plays a crucial role in presenting and defending alternative policies. They are tasked with developing comprehensive policy proposals, not just critiquing government plans. The Opposition takes leadership in holding the government accountable through regular question periods in both Hall of the Sun and Hall of the Moon. It also has the ability to call for and lead investigative committees on the government while having access to government documents and data for thorough analysis. The Opposition has a formal role in engaging with the public through its participation in the Worker Council Summit, direct interactions on the digital democracy platform, and hosting of the town halls and public forums to gather citizens input on alternative policies. The Opposition also has a formalized role in the annual economic planning conference to present alterative economic strategies and critiquing government proposals.

◤Empowerment Mechanisms

The Opposition receives substantial public funding and resources, including staff, research facilities, and access to expert advisors so it can function effectively. The rationale for this resource allocation per national law is to ensure they can develop well-researched policy alternatives and effectively scrutinize government actions. The Opposition is guaranteed media time to present their views and alternative policies to ensure the public has access to diverse perspectives. In certain critical areas, such as constitutional changes or fundamental alterations to the economic system, the Opposition is granted a limited veto power through required higher threshold of vote to overrule. It also has the power to trigger national referendums on critical issues, subject to certain threshold and safeguard to prevent misuses.

Abhisit Vejjajiva, the Leader of the Opposition of the Republic of Thailand and one of the most influential figures in Thai politics​

 

[Bossza007]

---

The Nineth Amendment of the Constitution of Thailand​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

---

The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Nineth Amendment of the 2003 Constitutional of Thailand, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6. This Act shall be limited the revision and refinement of the following article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand;
(1) Article 67: Community assemblies at the local administrative level shall serve as consultative bodies to provide feedback and recommendations on legislation under consideration by the National Assembly and the Senate.
(2) Article 68: Provincial assemblies shall oversee the allocation and management of resources received from the central government for their respective provinces under the guidance of the Provincial Assembly.
Section 7. This Act mandates the revision to the article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand in Sector 6 of this Act with the following revision;
(1) Article 67: Community assemblies at the local administrative level, known as "Mubans", shall possess legislative authority to propose, draft and enact laws directly governing matters within their respective local jurisdictions given it aligns with the national policy of the Government.
(2) Article 68: A substantial portion of the provincial budget and resources, not less than sixty percent (60%), shall be allocated directly to community assemblies to fund local development projects, infrastructure, and public services under their legislative mandate.
(3) Article 69: All legislation passed by community assemblies shall be reviewed and approved by the Provincial Parliament prior to the Provincial Governor signing them into law as provincially applicable statutes.
(4) Article 70: The Upper House shall facilitate voting by community assemblies on proposed legislation under consideration in the National Assembly. Significant opposition from assemblies may prompt the Upper House to return the legislation to the Lower House for revision incorporating the assemblies' feedback.​

---

The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

---

The Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of Thailand​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

---

The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Tenth Amendment of the 2003 Constitutional of Thailand, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6. This Act shall be limited the revision and refinement of the following article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand;
(1) Article 4: Human dignity, rights, liberties and equality of the people shall be protected.
Section 7. This Act mandates the revision to the article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand in Sector 6 of this Act with the following revision;
(1) Article 4: The state shall recognize and guarantee the inherent dignity and comprehensive rights of every individual. It shall actively promote substantive equality, social justice, and freedom of movement through progressive economic, social, and political measures, ensuring equitable distribution of resources and opportunities. The state shall strive to eliminate systemic inequalities and provide universal access to education, healthcare, housing, and social security.​

---

The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

---

The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of Thailand​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

---

The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Eleventh Amendment of the 2003 Constitutional of Thailand, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6. This Act shall be limited the revision and refinement of the following article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand;
(1) Article 45: A personal shall enjoy the liberty to unit and form a political party under the participatory democratic regime of government with the Prime Minister as the Chairman of the National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development Board, as provided by law.
(2) Article 49: No person shall exercise the rights or liberties to overthrow the participatory democratic regime of government with the Prime Minister as the Chairman of the National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development Board, as provided by law.
Section 7. This Act mandates the revision to the article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand in Sector 6 of this Act with the following revision;
(1) Article 45: A person shall enjoy the liberty to unite and form a political party under the socialist participatory democratic regime of government, where the governance and economic policy-making processes are inherently decentralized and democratically planned. The Prime Minister shall act as a facilitator and coordinator for National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development, as provided by law. In the international context, the Prime Minister shall be designated as the Head of State and the Head of Government. Political parties shall be rooted in the principles of collectivism, egalitarianism, and direct participation, ensuring that the interests of worker cooperatives and community assemblies are prioritized in all policy-making processes.
(2) Article 49: No person shall exercise the rights or liberties to undermine or overthrow the socialist participatory democratic regime of government, which prioritizes decentralized, democratically planned economic activities and the interests of worker cooperatives and community assemblies. The Prime Minister shall act as a facilitator and coordinator for National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development, as provided by law. Actions or endeavors that contravene these principles, aiming to disrupt the egalitarian and collectivist foundations of the state, shall be prohibited and subject to legal action.​

---

The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

---

Order of Foreign Private Property Owner Expulsion and Seizure of Non-compliance Private Business Entity​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

---

The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Order of Foreign Private Property Owner Expulsion and Seizure of Non-compliance Private Business Entity, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6: Expulsion of Foreign Private Property Owners
(1) Foreign private property owners whose entities have failed to transition into worker cooperative enterprises within the stipulated legal timeframe shall be subject to expulsion from the territory of Thailand. The expulsion shall be executed in accordance with the regulations set forth by the Prime Minister and the Parliament.
(2) The process of expulsion shall be administered by the Ministry of Interior, in cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Labor Right Enforcement Agency (LREA), to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Act.
(3) Foreign private property owners shall be granted a period of sixty (60) days from the date of notification to vacate their property and exit Thailand. Failure to comply within this period shall result in enforced expulsion and legal action to recover any remaining assets.
Section 7: Seizure of Non-compliant Private Business Entities
(1) Any private business entity that has not transitioned to a worker cooperative enterprise in compliance with the Worker Cooperative Act, and whose legal transition period has expired, shall be subject to immediate seizure by the Labor Right Enforcement Agency (LREA).
(2) The LREA shall oversee the seizure of all assets, including but not limited to property, financial assets, and intellectual property. The seized assets shall be administered in accordance with the principles of worker cooperative management and distributed according to the legal guidelines established for such entities.
(3) Upon seizure, the LREA shall ensure that the assets are transferred to designated worker cooperative entities or interim management committees that will oversee the establishment of new worker cooperatives.
Section 8: Seizure and Redistribution of Assets
(1) Private business entities that have failed to transition into worker cooperative enterprises within the legally prescribed timeframe shall have their assets seized by the Labor Right Enforcement Agency (LREA), as stipulated in this Act.
(2) The assets of non-compliant private business entities shall be redistributed according to principles of socialist equity and worker cooperative management. This redistribution aims to rectify the exploitation of workers and ensure that resources are allocated in a manner consistent with the goals of the participatory democratic system.
(3) Compensation for seized assets shall not be provided to the previous owners of the entities. Instead, the focus shall be on the equitable distribution of assets to newly established worker cooperatives or interim management committees, ensuring that these resources contribute directly to the welfare and development of the workforce.
(4) The LREA shall oversee the fair and transparent process of asset redistribution, ensuring that all seized assets are utilized to enhance worker control, support cooperative enterprises, and promote the collective welfare of the community.
Section 9: Enforcement and Compliance
(1) The Prime Minister, the Parliament, and the LREA shall be responsible for enforcing this Act, ensuring that its provisions are executed in accordance with socialist principles and in a manner that supports the transition to worker cooperative management.
(2) Violations of the Act, including failure to comply with asset seizure and redistribution orders, shall be subject to penalties as determined by the relevant judicial authorities, in alignment with the principles of justice and equitable governance.
Section 10: Reporting and Review
(1) The Prime Minister shall submit a report to Parliament on the implementation and outcomes of this Act, including details on asset seizures, expulsion orders, and compensation payments.
(2) The Parliament shall review the effectiveness of this Act annually and propose any necessary amendments to refine its provisions in accordance with the principles of decentralized governance and worker cooperative management.
Section 11: Repeal and Supremacy
(1) All previous laws, regulations, and policies that are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed.
(2) This Act shall take precedence over any conflicting provisions in other legislation, ensuring that its implementation is upheld throughout the national governance framework.
Section 12: Transitional Provisions
(1) The Prime Minister, in collaboration with the Parliament and LREA, shall establish transitional guidelines to manage the shift from private business entities to worker cooperatives in a manner that minimizes disruption and ensures compliance with the new legal framework.
(2) These transitional guidelines shall be published in the Government Gazette and be made available to all affected parties.​

---

The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

---

The Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of Thailand​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

---

The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Twelfth Amendment of the 2003 Constitutional of Thailand, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6. This Act shall be limited the revision and refinement of the following article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand;
(1) Article 106: Role and Definition of the Opposition.

(a) To streamline this legislative document, Article 106 shall be referenced in its entirety from the 11th amendment of the 2003 Thai Constitution. A comprehensive summary of the current provisions of Article 106 before the 12th amendment shall be appended to this document to ensure transparency and clarity during the amendment process. The key points of revision will focus on enhancing the clarity, effectiveness, and efficiency of the Opposition's role and functions as defined in the 11th amendment.​

Section 7. This Act mandates the revision to the article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand in Sector 6 of this Act with the following revision;
(1) Article 106: Role and Definition of the Opposition.

(1) Institutional Recognition and Structure: The Constitution of the Republic of Thailand formally recognizes the Opposition as an essential and institutionalized body within the legislative branch. The Opposition is defined as a collective entity comprising political parties and representatives who do not hold a governing mandate. This entity serves as an internal check and balance mechanism, ensuring robust and comprehensive oversight of the government’s activities and policies.
(2) Powers and Responsibilities: The Opposition shall possess the authority to form a Shadow Cabinet, mirroring the structure of the government, to provide alternative policies and scrutinize governmental actions across all areas of governance. The Leader of the Opposition, elected by the non-governing parties, shall head the Shadow Cabinet and coordinate its activities. The Opposition is guaranteed representation on all parliamentary committees, including the Cross-Section Integration Committee (CSIC) and the Regional Impact Subcommittee (RIS).
(3) Functions and Engagement with the Public: The Opposition shall actively engage with the public through various mechanisms, including the Worker Council Summit, direct interactions on the digital democracy platform, and hosting town halls and public forums to gather citizen input on alternative policies. The Opposition shall also participate in the annual economic planning conference to present alternative economic strategies and critique government proposals.
(4) Empowerment Mechanisms and Resources: The Opposition shall receive substantial public funding and resources, including staff, research facilities, and access to expert advisors, to ensure it can function effectively. The Constitution guarantees the Opposition media time to present its views and alternative policies, ensuring the public has access to diverse perspectives. In critical areas such as constitutional changes or fundamental alterations to the economic system, the Opposition is granted a limited veto power, requiring a higher threshold of votes to overrule. The Opposition also has the power to trigger national referendums on critical issues, subject to specific thresholds and safeguards to prevent misuse. The Opposition shall has the ability to call for and lead investigative committees on government actions.
(5) Ethical Standards and Accountability: The Opposition shall adhere to the highest ethical standards, with its actions and decisions subject to review by democratically elected ethics boards. These boards shall ensure that the Opposition’s activities align with the principles of egalitarianism, democratic socialism, and participatory democracy. The ethics boards shall have the authority to investigate and address any violations of ethical standards by members of the Opposition.
(6) Leader of the Opposition: The Leader of the Opposition shall be elected by the non-governing parties within the Hall of the Sun and the Hall of the Moon. This position is recognized as a formal and integral part of the parliamentary system. The Leader of the Opposition is tasked with forming and leading the Shadow Cabinet, coordinating the activities of the Opposition, and representing the Opposition in all official capacities. The Leader of the Opposition shall have access to the same level of information and briefings as the Prime Minister to ensure effective scrutiny and the development of viable alternative policies. Additionally, the Leader of the Opposition shall have the right to address the Parliament and the nation on key issues, ensuring that the voice of the Opposition is heard and considered in all major decisions.​

---

The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

---

The Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Thailand​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

---

The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the revision of the Constitution of Thailand.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Thirteenth Amendment of the 2003 Constitutional of Thailand, B.E 2547 (2004)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation's approach into the future.
Section 6. This Act shall be limited the revision and refinement of the following article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand;
(1) Article 1: Thailand is one and indivisible Socialist Republic.
Section 7. This Act mandates the revision to the article(s) enshrined in the Constitutional of Thailand in Sector 6 of this Act with the following revision;
(1) Article 1: Thailand is one and indivisible Socialist Republic to be eventually withered away as part of the ultimate goal of the Thai State is the realization of communism: a society that is stateless, classless, and moneyless characterized by common ownership of the means of production with free access to the articles of consumption.​

---

The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

---

Secularization and Religious Demystification Act​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

---

The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the Secularization and Religious Demystification.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Secularization and Religious Demystification Act, B.E 2548 (2005)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation’s approach into the future.
Section 6: This act, proposed by the National Assembly by an unanimous passage, aims to establish Thailand as a fully secular nation and address the perceived manipulative nature of religious institutions. The legislation is grounded in the socialist principles of the Thai state, as outlined in the constitution, particularly Article 1's commitment to eventual communism and Article 4's emphasis on inherent human dignity and comprehensive rights.
Section 7: Thailand shall be officially declared a secular state, with no state religion or preferential treatment for any religious group.
Section 8: All government institutions, including schools, hospitals, and public offices, shall be prohibited from displaying religious symbols or conducting religious ceremonies.
Section 9: Public officials shall swear a secular oath of office, replacing any religious oaths previously used.
Section 10: All religious institutions shall be subject to the same tax regulations as worker cooperatives, eliminating previous tax exemptions.
Section 11: Religious properties exceeding a certain size or value shall be collectivized and repurposed for public use, such as community centers or educational facilities.
Section 12: Public religious gatherings shall require permits and be subject to noise and time restrictions, similar to other public events.
Section 13: Introduction of a compulsory subject in all schools that critically examines world religions, mythology, and promotes scientific skepticism.
Section 14: Gradual phasing out of religious educational institutions, with a transition period to convert them into secular cooperative-run schools.
Section 15: Establishment of departments in universities dedicated to the academic study of religion from historical, sociological, and psychological perspectives.
Section 16: Individuals shall be free from religious coercion or discrimination based on non-belief.
Section 17: Religious indoctrination of minors, including a ban on childhood religious ceremonies without informed consent, shall be prohibited.
Section 18: Individuals leaving religions shall be protected, including penalties for communities or families that practice ostracism or violence against apostates.
Section 19: Religious advertising in public spaces shall be banned and strict regulation of religious content in media shall be established by relevant coordinated authority.​

---

The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

---

Universal Basic Income and Cooperative Economic Solidarity Act​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

---

The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the Universal Basic Income and Cooperative Economic Solidarity.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Universal Basic Income and Cooperative Economic Solidarity, B.E 2548 (2005)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation’s approach into the future.

Preamble​

The Universal Basic Income and Cooperative Economic and Solidarity Act is founded on the principle outlined in Article 1,4, 45, and 49 of the Constitution of Thailand. These articles establish the state’s obligation to promote social justice, substantive equality, and economic democracy, and universal human dignity in line with the vision of communism, wherein class and systemic inequalities are eradicated.

This Act acknowledges that a guaranteed Universal Basic Income (UBI) is crucial to ensuring every citizen’s basic needs, economic security, and the empowerment of individuals to fully engage in society’s decentralized, cooperative-based economic activities. Additionally, the Act seeks to foster greater participation in worker cooperatives, solidifying the socialist participatory democracy of Thailand.

Legislative Content​

Section 6: The Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a periodic, unconditional payment granted to all lawful citizens of Thailand, irrespective of employment status, income level, or participation in the cooperative economy. The UBI serves as a guarantee of economic security and a tool for redistribution justice, facilitating greater personal autonomy and substantial equality in a classless society. However, the UBI is a policy under the transitional regime of the socialist participatory government of Thailand where the Thai state remains essential to lead the society into a stateless and eventual moneyless society.
Section 7: The UBI shall be provided at a level sufficient to cover basic living costs, adjusted regionally (Southern, Western, Central, Eastern, Northern, Northeastern) to reflect variations in living expenses and shall be reviewed biennially by the National Economic Planning and Redistribution Board in coordination with local worker councils, community councils, and the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security. The UBI shall be disbursed on the fifteenth day of each month.
Section 8: Funding for the UBI shall be sourced primarily from the Public Cooperative Contribution Fund (PCCF), a national solidarity fund into which all worker cooperatives, public enterprises, and labor-managed organizations contribute a percentage of their net social revenue.
Section 9: In addition to cooperative contributions, a Socialized Wealth Tax shall be imposed on high-net-worth individuals (individuals with upper income according to the Progressive Taxation Act B.E. 2547), structured progressively to redistribute wealth in line with the state’s egalitarian principles. Revenue generated from this tax shall directly support UBI funding, ensuring that the wealthiest members of society contribute proportionately to social solidarity.
Section 10: Income generated through Thailand’s AI-assisted dynamic pricing mechanisms for goods and services—designed to optimize resource allocation and capture social and environmental costs—shall be partially allocated to UBI funding. In practice, Redistributive Surplus Value shall be added to the cost-plus pricing model.
Section 11: The UBI is intended to empower individuals by providing economic security independent of employment, enabling citizens to engage in meaningful work, pursue further education, or participate in cooperative-based activities without the threat of financial hardship. By alleviating dependence on traditional wage labor, the UBI fosters an environment in which individuals can more freely participate in the cooperative and democratic management of the economy.
Section 12: In line with Article 4 of the Constitution, the UBI is a tool for achieving substantive equality, ensuring that economic opportunities and resources are distributed equitably. The UBI helps to close the gaps created by geographic disparities, social stratifications, and systemic biases inherent in previous economic structures. Through direct financial redistribution, it rebalances the concentration of resources and promotes greater economic democracy.
Section 13: The UBI (is intended to) reflects the state’s commitment to the gradual withering away of class distinctions, in line with the ultimate goal of communism. By decoupling basic income from labor-market participation, the Act undermines the capitalist logic of wage exploitation and paves the way for a classless society. Moreover, the UBI supports the goal of a stateless society by fostering community-based economic systems grounded in cooperative ownership and mutual aid.
Section 14: The administration and distribution of UBI shall be handled through Thailand’s Digital Democracy Platform, ensuring transparency, citizen oversight, and efficiency. The platform shall be upgraded to allow individuals to monitor disbursements, propose adjustments to UBI levels, and participate in discussion about funding and economic impacts of the UBI through community assemblies.
Section 15: UBI implementation will be subject to oversight by the Regional and Cooperative Oversight Committees (RCOCs), which are tasked with ensuring that funds are fairly distributed and that the cooperative economic remains sustainable. These committees, composed of citizen representatives selected through participatory processes, will also address any potential challenges in UBI delivery and discrepancies across regions.
Section 16: The National Economic Facilitation and Social Cohesion Policy Development Board shall conduct regular impact assessments of the UBI to ensure it continues to meet the evolving needs of citizens. These assessments will analyze UBI’s effectiveness in reducing poverty, promoting cooperative participation, and fostering broader economic stability.
Section 17: While UBI guarantees a foundational income, it shall complement Thailand’s Universal Basic Services (UBS), which provides comprehensive healthcare, education, housing, legal aid, and childcare. Together, UBI and UBS are designed to eliminate poverty, ensure universal access to essential services, and foster substantive equality within the framework of economic democracy.
Section 18: Worker cooperatives and public enterprises shall integrate UBI into their economic models, planning for collective investment in local infrastructure, green energy projects, and sustainable development initiatives. The UBI shall thus not only act as a financial safety net but also catalyze innovation and participation in decentralized economic planning.
Section 19: No person or cooperative shall require citizens to forfeit their UBI benefits as a condition of employment, cooperative membership, or access to services. Violation of this principle shall result in legal penalties, including fines and suspension of cooperative privileges.​

---

The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​

 

[Bossza007]

---

Conduct of War Act​

Summarized by the Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate
Published​

---

The National Assembly of Thailand graciously proclaims that, whether it is expedient to have a law dictating the Conduct of War.

Be it, therefore, agree by the majority of the parliament as follows:

Section 1. This Act is called the “Conduct of War Act, B.E 2548 (2005)
Section 2. This Act shall come into force after the date of its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 3. The Prime Minister shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act. Such Ministerial Regulation shall come into force upon its publication in the Government Gazette.
Section 4. The Parliament of Thailand shall have charge and control of the execution of this Act and shall have the power to issue Ministerial Regulations for the execution of this Act when the majority of the parliament agrees with the resolution.
Section 5. Superseding and Succession of Authority
(1) This Act, upon its enactment, shall supersede and replace any previous acts, regulations, or authorities that may conflict with or contradict the provisions contained herein;
(2) The Thai Parliament and the Prime Minister shall exercise their powers and responsibilities in accordance with this Act, ensuring the effective implementation of its provisions for the purpose of refining the institutional process of Thailand unique governance system;
(3) Any amendments or revisions to this Act shall follow due parliamentary process and be enacted in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Thailand, ensuring that the principle of efficient and decentralized governance continue to guide the nation’s approach into the future.

Preamble​

In alignment with the foundational principles of socialism, international solidarity, and the defense of the Socialist Republic of Thailand, this Act establishes the legal framework for the conduct of war by the Republic. It ensures that any engagement in war is in strict adherence to socialist values, with a focus on self-defense, the protection of the revolution, and the minimization of harm to human life.

Legislative Content​

Section 6: Definitions

a) War: Any state of armed conflict, whether declared or undeclared, between the Socialist Republic of Thailand and any other state or non-state entity.
b) Self-Defense: Actions undertaken to protect the sovereignty, territory, or people of the Socialist Republic of Thailand from external aggression.
c) Legitimate Authority: The authority vested in the National Assembly, the Prime Minister, and the relevant military bodies to declare and conduct war in accordance with this Act.​

Section 7: General Principles

a) Just Cause: War may only be initiated in self-defense, to protect the Socialist Republic from external threats, or to support oppressed peoples in alignment with international socialist solidarity.
b) Right Intention: The intention behind any war must be to defend socialism, protect human life, and uphold the principles of international solidarity.
c) Proportionality: Any use of force must be proportionate to the threat faced, with a priority on minimizing civilian harm and destruction.
d) Last Resort: War may only be declared after all diplomatic and non-violent options have been thoroughly exhausted.​

Section 8: Declaration of War

a) Legitimate Authority: The power to declare war is vested in the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Thailand, with the consent of the Prime Minister, as the facilitator and coordinator of national defense policy.
b) Public Deliberation: Before any declaration of war, a special session of the National Assembly must be convened, including the Opposition, Worker Council representatives, and relevant military advisors, to deliberate on the necessity, justification, and objectives of the proposed war.
c) Emergency Provision: In cases where immediate action is required for national defense, the Prime Minister may authorize limited military action, subject to retroactive approval by the National Assembly within 72 hours.​

Section 9: Conducting War

a) Central Command: The conduct of war is managed by the Central Command, led by the Ministry of Defense in coordination with the Prime Minister. All military operations must adhere to the guidelines established by this Act and the directives of the National Assembly.
b) People’s Participation: The military forces shall incorporate mass participation through local defense councils and volunteer brigades, ensuring that the defense of the nation is a collective effort.
c) International Collaboration: Any war efforts shall seek the cooperation of allied socialist states and international worker movements, emphasizing solidarity and collective security.​

Section 10: Ethical Conduct in War

a) Humanitarian Law: The Socialist Republic of Thailand shall adhere strictly to international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions. All combatants must ensure the humane treatment of prisoners, the protection of civilians, and the avoidance of unnecessary suffering.
b) Environmental Protection: Military operations must consider environmental impacts and avoid causing long-term damage to ecosystems. Special consideration shall be given to preserving natural resources and preventing ecological destruction.​

Section 11: Treatment of Civilians and Prisoners of War

a) Civilian Protection: All measures must be taken to protect civilians from the effects of war. The use of force in civilian areas is strictly controlled and requires explicit authorization from the Central Command.
b) Prisoners of War: Prisoners of war shall be treated with dignity and respect, in accordance with international standards. They shall not be subjected to torture, inhumane treatment, or forced labor.​

Section 12: Post-Conflict Obligations

a) Restorative Justice: Following the cessation of hostilities, the Socialist Republic shall prioritize restorative justice measures, including rebuilding war-torn areas, providing humanitarian aid, and fostering reconciliation with former adversaries.
b) Reconstruction: The government shall implement a comprehensive reconstruction plan that aligns with socialist principles, emphasizing collective ownership, social welfare, and the establishment of democratic institutions in affected areas.​

Section 13: Oversight Mechanism

a) War Conduct Oversight Committee (WCOC): A special committee of the National Assembly, including members of the Opposition and independent experts, shall oversee the conduct of war, ensuring compliance with this Act and international law.
b) Public Reporting: Regular reports on the conduct of war, including casualty figures, military expenditures, and humanitarian impact, must be presented to the National Assembly and made available to the public.​

Section 14: Accountability

a) Legal Accountability: Any member of the government or military who violates the provisions of this Act shall be subject to investigation and prosecution under the laws of the Socialist Republic of Thailand.
b) Ethics Review: The Ethics Board shall review cases where actions during war may have conflicted with the principles of this Act, with the authority to recommend both binding and non-binding disciplinary action or legal proceedings.​

---

The Secretariats of the House of Representatives and Senate​